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- 1Observations - are concerned with watching and recording the behaviours in a natural setting. - Martin used an observation to study the experiences on new age traveller communities.Types of Observation:
- Covert is when the participants are unaware they are being observed.
- Overt is when participants are fully aware they are being watched.
Participant is where the researcher joins in whilst observing behaviour.
- Non participant is where the researcher doesn't partake. - 2Covert: E.G. Laud Humphries- studied homosexual activity in public toilets, pretending to be a gay voyeur to watch others engaged in sexual activity.Advantages of Covert:
- Hawthorne effect is stopped.
- Validity is therefore high.
- Researcher bias is removed because they are not taking part. - 3Disadvantages of Covert: - Unethical - Hard to carry out for long periods of time without being noticed. - There is not any control, lowering the reliability.Overt:
E.G. Stephen Lyng studied 'high risk' groups to find out why they do it and he never hid the fact he was an academic but joined in all the dangerous activities. - 4Advantages of Overt: - Highly ethical - Prevents the researcher from becoming over familiar with the participants and 'going native'.Disadvantages of Overt:
- Hawthorne effect.
- As results are collected first hand they may miss out important behaviours.
- Hard to gain access. - 5Participant: E.G. Amy Flowers got a jobs as a telephone sex line worker and studied the way the women learned to mask their feelings and emotions when talking to clients. No-one knew about her research.Advantages of Participant:
- Hawthorne effect is reduced if they don't know if the researcher is there.
- High ecologically valid as they are gaining natural behaviours.
- Gain Verstehen and can understand how they are feeling. - 6Advantages of Non Participant observations: - The researcher is collecting data first hand so more likely to be correct. - Objectivity and neutrality as they are not getting involved it is easier to remain objective. - Ethical if carried out overtly.Disadvantages of Non Participant Observations:
- Hawthorne effect is likely to occur.
- Subjective as it is open to the researcher as to why they behaved that way.
- Researcher bias as they may alter their data to fit their aims. - 7Disadvantages of Participant Observations: - Going native. - Low in validity as data will be harder to collect and record. - Could be unethical for the researcher.Non participant observations:
E.G. Bain and Taylor studied call centres to research how call centre staff found ways to relieve their frustrations at the working conditions trough making fun of both clients and mangers. The socialized and sat next to workers. - 8Structured Observations is where the researcher will have a devised coding scheme before the observation begins to look out for certain behaviours.Structured Observations:
S- Reliable as it is collecting quantitative data making it also easier to compare.
W- Lacks details and explanations as to why they are behaving that way, and the researcher may interpret behaviour. - 9Unstructured Observations involves the researcher recording the behaviour they can see. It is unplanned and informal. It aims to study behaviour of participants in a natural social setting.Unstructured Observations:
S- High in validity as researchers are gaining natural behaviours in a natural setting.
W- Low in reliability as researchers may miss important behaviours.
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- A-Level Sociology Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Beth Vickers am 07/03/2016.
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- Beth Vickers
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