Karteikarten
Adaptations
Karten in diesem Stapel (21)
- 1What is an adaptation?A characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival and reproduction in it's environment
- 2What is an anatomical adaptationPhysical features (internal and external) changing to make the organism more fit for survival in its environment
- 3What is a behavioural adaptation>The way the organism acts is changed to make it more fit for survival. These can be inherited or learned from parents.
- 4What is a physiological adaptation?A change in processes that happen inside the organism to make it more cut out for survival
- 5Give some examples of anatomical adaptationsCovering the body in hairs, scales, spines, feathers or shells to help them fly or keep warm. Camouflage to make an organism blend into its surroundings to protect it from predators. Teeth to help the organism eat and attack. Mimicry which is the process of an animal copying the looks or sounds of another animal to fool predators into thinking its dangerous.
- 6WCurled leaves to minimise surface area exposed to the air, hairs on the inside of the curled leaf to trap a layer of air to reduce diffusion gradient, sunken stomata so they're less likely to open and lose water and a thick, waxy cuticle to reduce water loss through evaporation.
- 7State some behavioural adaptations of organismsSurvival behaviours like playing dead. Courtship to attract mates to increase rates of reproduction. Seasonal behaviours such as migration or hibernation which help the organism to cope with changing environments.
- 8What is an innate behaviour?A behaviour that is inherited through genetics. Examples include how spiders can immediately spin webs and humans instantly have reflexes. They help the organism to survive in its environment.
- 9What is a learned behaviour?These adaptations are learned from observing other mammals, like learning how to use tools.
- 10State some physiological adaptationsPoison production to kill predators or protect themselves from them. Antibiotic production, for example in bacteria, as they product antibiotics to kill other species of bacteria in the area. Water holding to allow more water to be stored in the body, like cacti.
- 11What is an analogus structure?Analogus structures have adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin. This comes with convergent evolution.
- 12Examples of convergent evolution?Marsupial and placental mice - both are small climbers that live in dense ground and forage. They're very similar but evolved separately.
Flying phalangers and flying squirrels - both are gliding mammals but evolved separately
Aloe and agave - both plants adapted to survive in the desert but evolved separately - 13What is a selection pressure?Factors that affect the organism's chance of survival or reproductive success
- 14Describe how natural selection occurs?There is variation in a species. There are different alleles that can come around by mutation. Some of these alleles will make an organism better suited for survival in its environment. Hence, this organism survives the longest and the most successfully. These pass on their advantageous characteristics to their offspring. The process is repeated over many generations, increasing the frequency of the desirable allele, eventually leading to the evolution of a new species
- 15Examples of evolution:MRSA (methacillin resistant staphylycoccus aureus), peppered moths, sheep blowflies, flavobacterium
- 16How did MRSA show natural selection?There was a random mutation in alleles that allowed the Staphylococcus bacterium to become resistant to Methacillin, which usually treated it. This allowed the bacterium to live longer and not get killed, so it reproduced viciously and non-resistant individuals died.
- 17How did the peppered moth show natural selection?The moths used to be white but during the industrial revolution, the trees of Britain became darker with all of the ash and smoke. So, some of the moths would have mutations that allowed them to be lighter in colour. These moths lived longer than the white moths because the white moths were easily detectable on trees to predators, so the dark peppered moth lived longer and reproduced more.
- 18How did sheep blowflies show natural selection?Sheep blowflies normally lay their eggs in feacal matter around the sheep's tail. They'd then hatch and cause sores on the sheep. Diazinon was produced to counteract this, but a blowfly mutated the gene for resistance so Diazinon and this survived better so passed on the adaptation.
- 19What is a pre-adaptation?When an organism's existing trait is advantageous for a new situation
- 20Can natural selection occur without selection pressures?Yes, it did with flavobacterium. These bacteria randomly mutated a trait that allowed them to digest nylon 6 (used in factories to make toothbrushes or violin strings) and so the flavobacterium was harvested for human use in cleaning factories
- 21What is the Founder Effect?When an organism colonises a new area, there is often a loss in genetic variation of the offspring
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- A level Biology (Module 4) Karteikarten am Adaptations, erstellt von Emma Lloyd am 15/06/2017.
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- Emma Lloyd
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