Karteikarten
Animal Cloning
Karten in diesem Stapel (30)
- 1Human Dignity Issues in Reproductive Cloning For the Clone 4Imposed identity - predetermined views
Lack of freedom over life-shaping choices
See yourself 20 years on
Banned in most countries - 2Current Legislative Controls for Cloning 4For drug protein its on the go ahead
Meat/milk from cloned animals no risk to humans
In humans - banned
Therapeutic cloning create transplant tissues via ES cell cultures - banned in US
- permissible under license in UK - 3Therapeutic Cloning 3SCNT to make a clonal embryo from patient somatic cells
Embryo clones grow to blastocysts then embryonic stem cells of ICM is removed
ES cells grown in culture - directed into desired tissues - 4Therapeutic Cloning :) and :( 2:( Viable embryo though clone = illegal
:) No risk to immune system - 5HFFA approved TC Projects 4Therapeutic cloning
Non-fertilised eggs from IVF procedures (with consent)
Inject with somatic cell nuclei = ES cell lines
Inject donated egges from patients with motorneurone diseases - 6'Success' in Human Therapeutic 9Hwang et al 04, Science
242 human eggs used - nucleus removed through hole
Cumulous cell nucleus injected from same donor
= 19 blastocyst embryos from 66 SCNT eggs
Only 1 viable ES line
11 ES lines derived from patients with var. diseases
ALL CLAIMS FRAUDULENT
Embezzled funds
Unethical methods (junior female lab workers) - 7Dissecting a Scientific Fraud 6Hwang previous success with dogs
No success with SCNT with humans
Female lab workers became ill
All data fabricated for human ES lines
Concealment due to authoritarian lab structure
Motivation - get away with it/ pressure? - 8Other ways for therapuetic cloning 7SCNT - humans embryos arrest during late cleavage (abnormal transcription)
Oocyte genome not removed - diploid somatic nucleus injected into egg - triploid embryos develop into blastocysts stage
ICM from blastocysts
ES cells in culture
Diff. into tissue types
Cells remain triploid - unknown potential risks - 9Clone and Egg: Probability with Supply 4Very inefficient
Human eggs in short supply even for efficient stuff eg IVF
Super-ovulation has bad side effects
Black market for eggs - 3rd world women at risk - 10Ethical Concerns - Animal Cloning 2Safety and welfare CONSEQUENTIALIST
Rights/telos DEONTOLOGICAL - 11Ethical Concerns - Human Reproductive Cloning 4Safety/welfare CONSEQUENTIALIST
Human dignity DEONTOLOGICAL
Motivational questions
Costs/black markets JUSTICE - 12Ethical Concerns - Human Therapeutic Cloning 4Health and welfare benefits for donor CONSEQUENTIALIST
Human dignity issue - DEONTOLOGICAL
Key issue status of early human blastocyst - DEONTOLOGICAL
Black market - JUSTICE - 13Ethical Problems 6:( Transgenic and cloning techniques very inefficient
Both give very high rates of spontaneous abortion/oversized foetuses
:) Animals have a pampered life
Biopharmaceutical like AAT secreted in milk = non-invasive
Cheap and effective drugs
Yeast alternative - 14History of Cloning 7Hair loop experiment
Nuclear transplants
Somatic nuclear transplants
Dolly cloned from adult udder cell
Mice, cows, pigs, rabbits etc cloned
No human cloned yet
Primate cloning - 15Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) 11Use newts
Vegative end - yolk
Animal end - nucleus
Uses embryo cells
Remove/destroy egg nucleus
Enucleated egg
Fertilised egg (zygote)
Blastula - ball of eggs
Each cell - blastomere
Early embryo - isolate somatic cell
Isolated nucleus for injection into an empty egg - 16The Usefulness of Dolly Technology / Cloning Animals Aging 3Study Aging - nucleus from 6 year old sheep but egg cytoplasm from new egg - whats the age?
Premature arthritis and early death
Mice cloned to sixth generation had normal aging - 17The Usefulness of Dolly/Cloning Technology Other than Aging 4Saving endangered species - must have similar species to surrogate, clone last survivors, gene pool not effected
Efficient production of human pharm AAT, CF8/9
All GM tinkering takes place in the cultured cells
Pioneering methods for cloning humans? - 18Cloning for Saving Endangered Species 4Mouflon in sheep
African wildcat
Must have similar species to surrogate, Gene pool not effected - 19Human Cloning Advantages 3Children for couples with total germline failure
Avert genetic diseases affecting mitochondria
Clone spare parts - 20Human Cloning Disadvantages 4Very inefficient
Unknown risks - possibility of cancers, rapidly dividing cells
Affronts human dignity, copy of donor by identical twins are two individuals
Attempts to cheat death - 21Success of Dolly 5Earlier attempts - only worked with embryo nuclei
Dolly from non-dividing adult udder cell
Whole cell fused to an enucleated sheep zygote
Standard IVF used to transfer Dolly embryo into surrogate
Only successful adult clone from 277 attempts - 22Mitochondria Replacement How in Rhesus Monkeys 4Investigated with rhesus monkeys
Spindle/chromo complex transferred from eggs of A into enucleated egg with B
Reconstructed egg capable of fertilisation by sperm of C
= normal development and healthy offspring
3 infants born had genotypes A and C in nucleus - 23Mitochondria Replacement in Humans? 4Human DNA = 23,000 genes
Mito DNA = 37 genes
= tiny amount of extra DNA
= no 'lets find my mito. mommy' problem
Could be limited to only female offspring
Not allowed to apply as a therapy - 24Why Dolly Cloned 4Human pharmaceutical blood proteins - CF8/9, ATT and alpha-antitrypsin
All require PTM - impossible in microbes
Genetically modified sheep with human ATT gene active only in mammary tissue
Tracy secreted 35g - 25Human Dignity Issues in Reproductive Cloning For the Donor 5Unrealistic expectations for certain traits
Motivation to be cloned in 1st place EGO!
Donor has to agree for the clone to be brought up by someone else
Legal appeals = clone success rate 1% and fail at very late stage = lots of upset moms to be
Competition for similar jobs :P ? - 26Why not a flock of identical Tracys? 2Tracy was not from a scrapie-free flock
No NZ flock as run out of funds - 27PPL Policy and Dolly Date Timeline 5Tracy AAT sheep
Morag and Morgan cloned from foetal cellsw
Dolly from adult control experiment
Polly from foetal GM sheep with human gene CF9
Easier to clone foetal than adult nuclei - 28Controversies Surrounding Dolly 6Only one success
GENETIC FINGERPRINTING
Prove was an ADULT clone as original culture from preg ewe
May have been contaminated with embryonic stem cells from blood
Other cloning successes
Cloning difficult as incomplete reprogramming of DNA metabolism in SCNT embryos - 29Other Animal Cloning Successes 4Calves in US and France
>20 mice cloned by microinjection with nuclei from quiescent adult cumulus cells
Pigs, cats, rabbits, horse, dog.
Rhesus macaquen embryos
Mice cloned from frozen tissue - 30Cloned Rhesus Macaques 5First successful cloning of primate blastocysts from adult skin fibroblasts
2 ES cell lines produced from blastocysts
Success due to SCNT treatment
Highly repeatable cloning team
Neuronal and cardiac muscle could be induced to differentiate from ES cells
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- Degree Bioethics Karteikarten am Animal Cloning, erstellt von katy.lynock am 20/05/2013.
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