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Flashcards

Animal Cloning

katy.lynock Bioethics Degree English 30 cards

Cards in this deck (30)

  1. 1Human Dignity Issues in Reproductive Cloning For the Clone 4Imposed identity - predetermined views
    Lack of freedom over life-shaping choices
    See yourself 20 years on
    Banned in most countries
  2. 2Current Legislative Controls for Cloning 4For drug protein its on the go ahead
    Meat/milk from cloned animals no risk to humans
    In humans - banned
    Therapeutic cloning create transplant tissues via ES cell cultures - banned in US
    - permissible under license in UK
  3. 3Therapeutic Cloning 3SCNT to make a clonal embryo from patient somatic cells
    Embryo clones grow to blastocysts then embryonic stem cells of ICM is removed
    ES cells grown in culture - directed into desired tissues
  4. 4Therapeutic Cloning :) and :( 2:( Viable embryo though clone = illegal
    :) No risk to immune system
  5. 5HFFA approved TC Projects 4Therapeutic cloning
    Non-fertilised eggs from IVF procedures (with consent)
    Inject with somatic cell nuclei = ES cell lines
    Inject donated egges from patients with motorneurone diseases
  6. 6'Success' in Human Therapeutic 9Hwang et al 04, Science
    242 human eggs used - nucleus removed through hole
    Cumulous cell nucleus injected from same donor
    = 19 blastocyst embryos from 66 SCNT eggs
    Only 1 viable ES line
    11 ES lines derived from patients with var. diseases
    ALL CLAIMS FRAUDULENT
    Embezzled funds
    Unethical methods (junior female lab workers)
  7. 7Dissecting a Scientific Fraud 6Hwang previous success with dogs
    No success with SCNT with humans
    Female lab workers became ill
    All data fabricated for human ES lines
    Concealment due to authoritarian lab structure
    Motivation - get away with it/ pressure?
  8. 8Other ways for therapuetic cloning 7SCNT - humans embryos arrest during late cleavage (abnormal transcription)
    Oocyte genome not removed - diploid somatic nucleus injected into egg - triploid embryos develop into blastocysts stage
    ICM from blastocysts
    ES cells in culture
    Diff. into tissue types
    Cells remain triploid - unknown potential risks
  9. 9Clone and Egg: Probability with Supply 4Very inefficient
    Human eggs in short supply even for efficient stuff eg IVF
    Super-ovulation has bad side effects
    Black market for eggs - 3rd world women at risk
  10. 10Ethical Concerns - Animal Cloning 2Safety and welfare CONSEQUENTIALIST
    Rights/telos DEONTOLOGICAL
  11. 11Ethical Concerns - Human Reproductive Cloning 4Safety/welfare CONSEQUENTIALIST
    Human dignity DEONTOLOGICAL
    Motivational questions
    Costs/black markets JUSTICE
  12. 12Ethical Concerns - Human Therapeutic Cloning 4Health and welfare benefits for donor CONSEQUENTIALIST
    Human dignity issue - DEONTOLOGICAL
    Key issue status of early human blastocyst - DEONTOLOGICAL
    Black market - JUSTICE
  13. 13Ethical Problems 6:( Transgenic and cloning techniques very inefficient
    Both give very high rates of spontaneous abortion/oversized foetuses
    :) Animals have a pampered life
    Biopharmaceutical like AAT secreted in milk = non-invasive
    Cheap and effective drugs
    Yeast alternative
  14. 14History of Cloning 7Hair loop experiment
    Nuclear transplants
    Somatic nuclear transplants
    Dolly cloned from adult udder cell
    Mice, cows, pigs, rabbits etc cloned
    No human cloned yet
    Primate cloning
  15. 15Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) 11Use newts
    Vegative end - yolk
    Animal end - nucleus
    Uses embryo cells
    Remove/destroy egg nucleus
    Enucleated egg
    Fertilised egg (zygote)
    Blastula - ball of eggs
    Each cell - blastomere
    Early embryo - isolate somatic cell
    Isolated nucleus for injection into an empty egg
  16. 16The Usefulness of Dolly Technology / Cloning Animals Aging 3Study Aging - nucleus from 6 year old sheep but egg cytoplasm from new egg - whats the age?
    Premature arthritis and early death
    Mice cloned to sixth generation had normal aging
  17. 17The Usefulness of Dolly/Cloning Technology Other than Aging 4Saving endangered species - must have similar species to surrogate, clone last survivors, gene pool not effected
    Efficient production of human pharm AAT, CF8/9
    All GM tinkering takes place in the cultured cells
    Pioneering methods for cloning humans?
  18. 18Cloning for Saving Endangered Species 4Mouflon in sheep
    African wildcat
    Must have similar species to surrogate, Gene pool not effected
  19. 19Human Cloning Advantages 3Children for couples with total germline failure
    Avert genetic diseases affecting mitochondria
    Clone spare parts
  20. 20Human Cloning Disadvantages 4Very inefficient
    Unknown risks - possibility of cancers, rapidly dividing cells
    Affronts human dignity, copy of donor by identical twins are two individuals
    Attempts to cheat death
  21. 21Success of Dolly 5Earlier attempts - only worked with embryo nuclei
    Dolly from non-dividing adult udder cell
    Whole cell fused to an enucleated sheep zygote
    Standard IVF used to transfer Dolly embryo into surrogate
    Only successful adult clone from 277 attempts
  22. 22Mitochondria Replacement How in Rhesus Monkeys 4Investigated with rhesus monkeys
    Spindle/chromo complex transferred from eggs of A into enucleated egg with B
    Reconstructed egg capable of fertilisation by sperm of C
    = normal development and healthy offspring
    3 infants born had genotypes A and C in nucleus
  23. 23Mitochondria Replacement in Humans? 4Human DNA = 23,000 genes
    Mito DNA = 37 genes
    = tiny amount of extra DNA
    = no 'lets find my mito. mommy' problem
    Could be limited to only female offspring
    Not allowed to apply as a therapy
  24. 24Why Dolly Cloned 4Human pharmaceutical blood proteins - CF8/9, ATT and alpha-antitrypsin
    All require PTM - impossible in microbes
    Genetically modified sheep with human ATT gene active only in mammary tissue
    Tracy secreted 35g
  25. 25Human Dignity Issues in Reproductive Cloning For the Donor 5Unrealistic expectations for certain traits
    Motivation to be cloned in 1st place EGO!
    Donor has to agree for the clone to be brought up by someone else
    Legal appeals = clone success rate 1% and fail at very late stage = lots of upset moms to be
    Competition for similar jobs :P ?
  26. 26Why not a flock of identical Tracys? 2Tracy was not from a scrapie-free flock
    No NZ flock as run out of funds
  27. 27PPL Policy and Dolly Date Timeline 5Tracy AAT sheep
    Morag and Morgan cloned from foetal cellsw
    Dolly from adult control experiment
    Polly from foetal GM sheep with human gene CF9
    Easier to clone foetal than adult nuclei
  28. 28Controversies Surrounding Dolly 6Only one success
    GENETIC FINGERPRINTING
    Prove was an ADULT clone as original culture from preg ewe
    May have been contaminated with embryonic stem cells from blood
    Other cloning successes
    Cloning difficult as incomplete reprogramming of DNA metabolism in SCNT embryos
  29. 29Other Animal Cloning Successes 4Calves in US and France
    >20 mice cloned by microinjection with nuclei from quiescent adult cumulus cells
    Pigs, cats, rabbits, horse, dog.
    Rhesus macaquen embryos
    Mice cloned from frozen tissue
  30. 30Cloned Rhesus Macaques 5First successful cloning of primate blastocysts from adult skin fibroblasts
    2 ES cell lines produced from blastocysts
    Success due to SCNT treatment
    Highly repeatable cloning team
    Neuronal and cardiac muscle could be induced to differentiate from ES cells

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Description
Degree Bioethics Flashcards on Animal Cloning, created by katy.lynock on 20/05/2013.
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katy.lynock
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