Karteikarten
Introduction to immunology
Karten in diesem Stapel (35)
- 1How many bacteria are in gut?10,000 species
- 2What bacteria lives on the skin?Staphylcocci
- 3What bacteria lives in the throat? (3)1) Klebsiella
2) Neisseria
3) Pneumococci - 4Which cells does HIV target?T cells
- 5What kills individuals with HIV?Opportunistic infections
- 6Give three examples of infections which might kill an individual with HIV1) Pneumocystis carinii
2) Cryptosporidium
3) Atypical Mycobacteria - 7What causes the wasting in HIV?Diarrhoea
- 8What is the most severe phenotype of lack of an immune system?Lack of lymphocytes - SCID (severe combined immune deficiency)
- 9What type of infections might you expect to see in an infant with SCID?Ear infections (acute otitis media), sinus infections (sinusitis), oral thrush (yeast infection in the mouth), skin infections, meningitis, and pneumonia.
- 10What is the treatment for SCID?Bone marrow transplant to replace the immune system
- 11What are the cells of the adaptive immune system?B cell and T cells
- 12What are the cells of the innate immunity?1) Eosinophils
2) Basophils
3) Neutrophils
4) Monocytes - 13Why are B cells called B cells?They were found in the chicken Bursa
- 14Where are neutrophils mainly located?In the blood
- 15How does the innate immune system respond to a bacteria entry through the skin?Tissue resident macrophages release TNF-a, IL-1B which activates endothelial cells in the capillary. The increased expression of cell adhesion molecules allows the neutrophils to leave the blood and enter the tissue.
- 16What are the two types of bacteria cell wall?Gram +ve and gram -ve
- 17What are the cell membrane bound toll-like receptors? (5)1) TLR2
2) TLR4
3) TLR5
4) TLR9
5) TLR7 - 18What does TLR2 recognise? (7)1) Lipoproteins
2) Lipoarabinomannan
3) LPS (Leptospira)
4) LPS (P. gingivalis)
5) PGN (Gram-positive)
6) Zymosan (Yeast)
7) GPI anchor (T. cruzi) - 19What does TLR-4 recognise? (3)1) LPS (gram-negative)
2) F protein (RS virus) - 20What TLR5 recognise?Flagellin
- 21What does TLR9 recognise?CpG DNA
- 22What does TLR7?Double-stranded viral RNA?
- 23How many TLR are there?10
- 24What is a spot?Inflammation and tissue injury caused by white cells leaving the blood and going into a follicle to kill skin bacteria in the wrong place
- 25Define inflammation?When white cells leave the blood and move into the tissues, and in the process of getting rid of bugs, kill normal tissue
- 26What do neutrophils contain? (7)1) Free radicals
2) Neutrophil elastase
3) Neutrophil collagenase
4) Myeloperoxidase
5) Gelatinases
6) Anti-bacterial peptides
7) Cytokines - 27What causes ulcerative colitis?Aberrant immune response - crypt abcesses
- 28What is the primary role of the innate immune system?Reduce infectious disease numbers/suppress the immune response until the adaptive immune system can come into play
- 29Roughly how many T/B cells do we have which recognise harmful non-self antigens?1 in 10,000-100,000
- 30What controls clonal expansion of B cells? T cells?1) T cells
2) IL-2 - 31Who came up with the vaccination for smallpox? When did he live? Who was it tested in?1) Edward Jenner
2) 1749 - 1823
3) James Phipps (8 yrs old). - 32What happens post vaccination?More specific T/B cells are made which remember the antigen - the adaptive immune system is primed
- 33Describe the relationship between prototypical infections and the incidence of immune disorders between 1950 to 2000Prototypical infectious disease have been on the decrease while immune disorders have been on the abrupt rise.
- 34How are autoimmune diseases treated?Use drugs which inhibit the immune system or antibodies which target the immune molecules causing the damage
- 35What % of the population has psoriasis?2%
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- Beschreibung
- Professor T MacDonald 27.10.17
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- Anna Hogarth
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