Karteikarten
Chapter 3 study guide
Karten in diesem Stapel (55)
- 1What are 4 processes present in all living things?growth, reproduction, responsiveness, metabolism
- 2Name differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsprokaryotes don't have nucleus or membranous organelles
eukaryotes contain internal membranous organelles and nucleus - 3describe bacteria glycocalyxgelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of some cells
- 4describe bacterial flagellalong whip like extensions from the cell surface to propel a cell through environment
- 5describe bacterial fimbriaeshort, stick, proteinaceous extensions of some bacteria to adhere a cell to environment
- 6describe bacterial pilihollow, nonmotile tubes of pilin that connect some cells together
- 7capsule vs. slime layercapsule is a glycocalyx firmly attached to bacterium cell surface
slime layer is a loose, water soluble glycocalyx - 8How can a glycocalyx help bacteria?protection from drying out
protection from phagocytosis
emergency food source - 9peritrichousflagella covering entire cell
- 10polar flagellaonly at one end of cell
- 11What is taxis?bacterial cell movement
- 122 kinds of taxischemotaxis or phototaxis
- 13what are runs and tumblesrun- bacteria shoots forward in straight line
tumble-bacteria tumbles all around randomly - 14how is endoflagella different from normal flagella?endoflagella is spirochetes that spiral tightly around the cell instead of protruding into the environment, allowing the cell to rotate and corkscrew through medium
- 15what is biofilm and how is it helpful to bacteria?slimy masses of bacteria adhering to a surface, other cells, or substances in environment
- 16two components of peptidoglycanNAG, NAM
- 17fluid mosaic modelphospholipid bilayer cell membrane that allows proteins to flow laterally within layers.
- 183 types of passive diffusionsimple, facilitated, osmosis
- 19isotonicsolute concentration equal to cell concentration, water flows equally
- 20hypotonicsolute concentration lower than cells, water rushes into cell
- 21hypertonicsolute concentration higher than cell, water rushes out of cell
- 22group translocationchemically changes transported substance once inside the cell so it is no longer permeable and trapped within
- 23Example of glucose group translocationglucose is brought into cell and then phosphorylated, now trapped and unable to leave
- 24nucleoid areadensely packed region of DNA in bacterial cells
- 25nucleoid areadensely packed region of single circular double stranded molecules of DNA in bacterial cells
- 26cytosolliquid portion of cytoplasm
- 27inclusionsreserve deposits of lipids, starch, chemicals, or gas vesicles
- 28endosporesstructures produced when nutrients are limited
- 29describe 2 nonmembranous organelles in cytoplasm of bacteriaribosomes- sites of protein synthesis
cytoskeletons- internal network of fibers that forms cell's basic shape - 30hamihelical filament with prickles and a terminus that divides into three curved hooks
- 31What kinds of eukaryotic cells have glycocalyces?eukaryotes without cell walls
- 32how are flagella in eukaryotes different from flagella in bacteria?anchored within cytoplasmic membrane, composed of tubulin molecules, they undulate rhythmically to push or pull the cell through medium
- 33ciliashorter, more numerous flagella
- 34function of cilia in unicellular eukaryotesrhythmic beating propels eukaryote through environment
- 35function of cilia in complex eukaryotesuse cilia to sweep substances in local environment
- 36chitin cell wallfungi
- 37agar cell wallalgae
- 38cellulose cell wallplants
- 39pseudopodiamovable extensions of cell membrane
- 40two types of endocytosisphagocytosis, pinocytosis
- 41phagocytosissolids brought into cell, cell eating
- 42pinocytosisliquids brought into cell, cell drinking
- 43how are ribosomes of eukaryotes different from prokaryotes?eukaryotes- 80s, prokaryotes 70s
- 44eukaryotic cytoskeleton functionsextensive composition of fibers and tubules, anchors organelles, movement of organelles within cytosol, enables cell to contract
- 45centrioles9 triplets of tubulin microtubules
- 46chromatinthread like mass of DNA and histone proteins
- 47nuclear envelopedouble membrane with pores to control enter and exit of substances
- 48smooth endoplasmic reticulumhelps lipid synthesis and transport
- 49rough endoplasmic reticulumproduces proteins transported throughout cell
- 50golgiflattened, hollow membrane sacs
- 51lysosomesself destruction of old, damaged, diseased cells via digestive enzymes
- 52mitochondriaproduce most ATP in eukaryotic cells
- 53chloroplastslight harvesting structures found in photosynthetic eukaryotes
- 54endosymbiotic theoryancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotic cells internalized by other prokaryotes
- 55examples proving endosymbiotic theorymitochondria and chloroplasts have 70s ribosomes, circular DNA and 2 membranes