Karteikarten
Microbioloy Ch 5
Karten in diesem Stapel (141)
- 1catabolismreactions that break down complex molecules into simpler ones
- 2exegonicreleases energy
- 3hydrolyticuse water up
- 4anabolismreactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones
- 5endergonicneed energy
- 6dehydration synthesisreleases water
- 7protein- broken down--> amino acid is an example ofexergonic catabolic reaction
- 8sugar-- broken down--> carbon dioxide and water example ofcatabolic exergonic reaction
- 9carbon dioxide and water-- built up--> sugars is an example ofexergonic anabolic reaction
- 10amino acids-- build into--> proteins is an exaple ofexergonic anabolic reaction
- 11meabolismthe sum of all chemical reactions within anorganism
- 12ATP stands forAdenosine Tri-Phosphate
- 13ATP couplesanabolic and catabolic reactions
- 14How does ATP use energy released from catabolism?low energy ADP is turned into high energy ATP
- 15After ADP is turned ino ATP...the ATP is used to drive anabolic reactions
- 16How does the 2nd Law of Termodynamics affect ATP?some of the energy is lost as heat during metabolic reactions
- 17metabolic pathwaysseries of steps metabolic processes occur in
- 18enzymea proein that acts as a catalyst
- 19catalystspeeds up a chemical reaction
- 20what do metabolic processes require?specific enzymes
- 21how do enzymes work?they lower the activation energy required for a reaction
- 22activation energyenergy required to kick start a reaction and disrupt electron configuration of molecules involved in a reaction.
- 23how are enzymes specific?their unique 3D shape
- 24How many specific reactions can one enzyme catalyze1
- 25ezymes act on asubstrate
- 26substratespecific target
- 27How efficient are enzymes?they can increase a reaction rate by 10^8 to 10^10 times
- 28Chemical reactions in the body would no be able to happen fast enough withoutenzymes
- 29how are enzymes named?according to the type of reacion they catalyze
- 30the suffix of an enzyme name is usually-ase
- 31dehydrogenaseremoves hydrogen
- 32oxidaseadds oxygen
- 33apoenzymethe protein portion of an enzyme
- 34active sitespecific region of protein where substrate attaches to enzyme
- 35cofactornon-protein portion of many (not all) funcional enzymes that activates the enzyme
- 36Which type of ions usually act as cofactor and why?metal ions, because of their charge
- 37coenzymewhen a cofactor is an oranic molecule instead of a metal ion
- 38coenzymes are often derived fromvitamins
- 39Coenzyme examplesNAD+, NADP+, FAD, coenzyme A (CoA)
- 40Which coenzymes are derivatives of bitamin B and niacin?NAD+ and NADP+
- 41Which coenzyme contains derivatives of vitamin B and riboflavin and acts as electron carrier during respiration?FAD
- 42which coenzyme is involved in synthesis/breakdown of fats and he Krebs cycle?CoA
- 43holoenzymea functional active enzyme when a cofactor is attached
- 44which factors influence enzyme activity?temperature, pH, inhibitors, subsrate concentration
- 45how does temperature influence enzyme activity?activity increases with temperature up until the point of denature
- 46how does pH influence enzyme activity?can cause enzyme to denature when outside of pH range
- 47how does pH influence substrate concentration?at saturation point all active sites are full, more enzymes need to be added to increase rate further.
- 48inhibitors areinactivate enzymes
- 492 types of inhibitorscompetitive or non competitive
- 50competitive inhibitorscompetes with substrate for access to active site
- 51noncompetitive inhibitorsbinds at an allosteric site
- 52allosteric sitesomewhere other than active site
- 53How do non competitive inhibitors work if they form at an allosteric site and not the active site?When they form at a diferent site, it canges the shape of the enzyme, which changes the shape of the active site , making it unable to bind with its specific substrate. a holoenzyme cannot form.
- 54the goal of energy production isto make ATP
- 55Why is ATP so vital in energy production?the energy between the phosphates can be released and used to drive endergonic reactions
- 56"energy carrier"ATP
- 57how can you make ATP from ADPphosphorylating ADP
- 58phosphorylationadding a phosphate
- 593 basic types of phosphorylationsubstrate level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation - 60substrate level phosphorylationthe phosphate group comes directly from an organic molecule
- 61how does oxidative phosphorylation work?electron carriers deliver electrons to an elecron transort chain
the enery released is then used o produce ATP - 62where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in bacteria?membrane
- 63Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur in eukaryotes?mitochondria
- 64photophosphorylationchlorophyll raps sunlight energy which is used to energize electrons which are then transferred down an electron transport chain
- 65cells that carry out photosynthesis use which type of phosphorylation?photophosphorylation
- 66what do most organisms break down for energy?carbohydrates
- 67what, besides glucose, can be broken down for energy?lipids, proteins, other sugars
- 682 general processes of energy productioncellular respiration and fermentation
- 692 types of cellular respirationaerobic cellular respiration
anaerobic cellular respiration - 70which types of organisms use aerobic cellular respiration?eukaryotes (including humans) and many bacteria
- 71in aerbic cellular respiration, what is the terminal electron acceptor?oxygen
- 72aerobic cellular respiration equationC6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy
- 73three main stages of aerobic cellular respirationglycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain
- 74glycolysisthe splitting of sugar
- 75what happens to glucose during glycolysis?6-carbon glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvates
- 76energy investment stage of glycolysis?uses 2 ATP to kick-start reaction
- 77energy payoff stage of glycolysiscreates 4 ATP
- 78what type of phosphorylation creates ATP during glycolysis?substrate level phosphorylation
- 79how many NADH are created during glycolysis?2
- 80What happens to the 2 pyruvates during the intermediate step of aerobic cellular respiration?2 pruvates are changed into 2-acetyl CoA molecules
- 81What are the results (in terms of the molecules and carbons) of the intermediate step of aerobic cellular respiration?2 pyruvates w/3 carbons each --> 2 Aceyl-Co A w/2 carbons each + 2CO2
ALSO creates 2 NADH - 82Krebs cycle can also be calledTCA cycle
- 83How many Acetyl-CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle?2
- 84What molecules do the Acetyl-CoA produce during Krebs cycle?6 NADH
2 ATP
2 FADH2
4 CO2 - 85ATP made during Krebs cycle are created by which type of phosphorylation?substrate level
- 86Which molecules enter the electron transport chain?10 NADH
2 FADH2 - 87What do NADH and FADH2 do during electron transport chain?donate electrons that are used to run proton pumps
- 88where are proton pumps in bacteria?plasma membrane
- 89where are proton pumps in eukaryotes?mitochondria
- 90what do proton pumps dopush protons outside of bacteria/mitochondria, they then want to leave via chemiosmosis, they then diffuse down concentration gradient by passing through ATP synthase
- 91chemiosmosisprotons moving from high to low levels of concentration
- 92Which process is used to get protons to diffuse throuh ATP synthase?facilitated diffusion
- 93ATP synthase phosphorylates....ADP into ATP
- 94Each NADH that entered te ETC creates how many ATP3
- 95Each FADH2 that entered the ETC creates how many ATP?2
- 96total ATP made in ETC step10NADH x 3 + 2FADH2 x 2= 34 ATP
- 97the ATP made in ETC are created how?oxidative phosphorylation
- 98Wat happens to the donated electrons of ETC?They are collected by oxygen molecules and converted into H2O
- 99Which step of aerobic celllular respiration creates the most ATP?ETC
- 100how many total ATP are created during aerobic cellular respiration in bacteria?38
- 101How many total ATP are created during aerobic cellular respiration in eukaryotes?36
- 102Why do eukaryotes produce less ATP total tan bacteria?because the NADH made in glycolysis have to be moved into he innter matrix from mitocondria, 2 ATP are used up during this process
- 103How is anaerobic cellular respiration different chemically than aerobic cellular respiration?oxygen is not the terminal electron acceptor
- 104Is anaerobic cellular respiration the same as ferentation?no
- 105Which is more efficient, aerobic cellular respiration or anaerobic cellular respiration?aerobic cellular respiration
- 106denitrificationreducing NO3 to N2
- 107methanogenesisconverting cabonate to methane
- 108methanogenesis and denitriication are examples ofanaerobic cellular respiration
- 109fermentationpartial breakdown of glucose that does not require oxygen
- 1102 main stages of fermentationglycolysis and fermentation
- 111how does glycolysis of aerobic cellular respiration differ from fermentation?it doesn't, they are the same.
- 112what happens to 2 NADH during fermentationturns them back into NAD+ so glycolysis can proceed again
- 113lactic acid fermentationpyruvate--> lactic acid
- 1142 bacteria types that use lactic acid fermentation?streptococcus and lactobacillus
- 115what does lactic acid do?produces yogurt from milk, sauerkraut from cabbage, causes food spoilage
- 116alcohol fermentationpyruvate--> ethanol +CO2
- 117where does alcohol fermentation occur?yeasts/ saccharomyces, some bacteria
- 118What is alcohol fermenation used for?beer brewing, wine making, baking bread
- 119how many ATP are made through fermentation?2
- 1202 alternatives to glycolysispentose phosphate and entner-Doudoroff pathways
- 121Which yields more ATP, lycolysis or alternative pathways for catabolism of glucose?glycolysis
- 122What do alternative glucose catabolism pathways produce that glycolysis does not?precursor molecules that are not produced in glycolysis
- 123pentose phosphate pathwayproduces molecules used in creation of nucleotides and amino acids
- 124Entner-Doudoroff pathwayuses different enzymes and yields unique precursor molecules and NADPH
- 125How often are Enner-Doudoroff pathways used?in very few bacteria
- 126How can carbohydrates be broken down to be used for energy?First need to be broken down to glucose
- 127How can fats be broken down for energy?lipase breaks fats down into glycerol and fatty acids to enter respiration process at various stages
- 128Describe the process of breaking down proteins for energybacteria create protease enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids- usually the proteins are outside the cell wall.
the aino acids cross the plasma membrane and undergo conversion into other organic molecules to be used in anabolism or Krebs cycle. - 129photosynthesisconversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in chemical bonds
- 130photosynthesis equation6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
- 131photosynthesis is performed bycyanobacteria, algae, and green plants
- 132two main stages of photosynthesislight dependent reactions, and light independent reactions
- 133light dependent reactions produce ATP throughphotophosphorylation
- 134what absorbs light energy in light dependent photosynthesischlorophyll primarily
- 135light absorbed by pigments is used for whatexcite electrons in special chlorophyll a molecules
- 136During light dependent reactions, what happens to electrons of chlorophyll a moleculesthey are sent down ETC and energy is released to make ATP and NADPH to drive light independent reactions
- 137What is the by product of light dependent photosynthesis?O2, from the splitting of H2O
- 138light independent reactions are also calledCalvin-Benson cycle
- 139describe light independent reactionscarbon is fixed, removed from CO2 and used to make sugar.
- 140which enzyme is used during light independent reactionsrubisco
- 141are light dependent reactions endergonic or exergonic?endergonic