Karteikarten
Comp psy II
Karten in diesem Stapel (40)
- 1sexual selectionprocess driven by advantages individuals have over others of the same sex and species in exclusive relation to reproduction
- 2Mode of transmission (evolution isn't only driven by traits that aid survival)the process of reproduction is critical
- 3Intrasexual selectionmembers of one sex compete for mating opportunities with other sex
- 4Intersexual selectionmembers of one sex select individuals of the other sex
- 5- Bateman’s principleo Females should be choosier due to greater investment in gametes (germ cell) (and eventual offspring)
o Due to female choosiness, some males will have great reproductive success, others will not (which traits will become dominant over time?) - 6secondary sex characteristics of maleso Color, antlers, horns, vocalizations, courtship rituals
- 7o Sexual dimorphismdistinct differences between sexes in terms of size and other physical features
(due to male competition) - 8direct benefits females might choose onnuptial gifts, shelter, assistance with parental care
- 9Indirect benefits females might choose ongood genes: choose male with genes best suited to their particular environment (foraging skills, defend predators), parasite resistance -> color as indicator, MHC
- 10o Runaway sexual selectionalleles with two loci – one locus codes for female preference and one is associated with the male trait that females prefer. Over evolutionary time specific alleles from the two genes become associated with each other -> when one allele is present in male offspring in a clutch, the other allele is likely to be present in female offspring from that clutch. Positive feedback loop -> exaggerated male traits and stronger female preferences for such traits
- 11o Sensory bias(preexisting bias, sensory exploitation)): as a male trait first emerges it may be preferred by females and such a response initially has nothing to do with mating preferences. (females prefer red plumage due to their receptors for red (to find red berries))
- 12Polygamous (polygyny, polyandry)Polygny: 1 male more than 1 female
Polyandry: 1 female, more than 1 male - 13Good genes & sexy-son hypothesis: female’s choice will lead to the production of male offspring that are attractive to the next generation of females
- 14- Promiscuous(When polyandry and polygyny are occurring in the same population at the same time)
o 1. both males and females mate with many partners and no pair bonds are formed
o 2. Polygynandry (more than 1 male, more than 1 female): several males form pair bonds with several females simultaneously - 15- The polygyny threshold model (PTM)o polygyny should often occur in “patchy” environments, where resources such as food are clumped in discrete patches that are spread out over the landscape.
- 16- Extrapair copulations (EPCs)o When males and females are leaving their territories during the mating season and mating with other individuals, usually those in nearby territories
- 17sperm competition- last male precedence
- kamikaze sperm hypothesis
- cryptic mate choice - 18o Relatednessthe probability that they share alleles that are identical by descent
- 19 Hamilton’s rule:the decision to aid family members is a function of how related individuals are, and how high or low the costs and benefits associated with the trait turn out to be
- 20 Brown’s “offspring rule”:the number of offspring that were born and survived as the currency of measure. The number of offspring produced by individuals that did not help versus those that did help. The difference between these values would allow for an estimation of the cost of helping
- 21o Evolutionary theory of family (Emlen) (1) inclusive fitness theory
(2) ecological constraints theory
(3) reproductive skew theory - 22 (2) ecological constraints theory:examines dispersal options of mature offspring, and the conditions that favor dispersal from home rather than remaining on a natal territory
- 23 (3) reproductive skew theoryexamines how reproductive opportunities are divided among potential breeders by predicting conditions that should favor conflict or cooperation with respect to breeding decisions
- 24eusocialitythe highest level of organization of sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups
- 25o internal templatebe generated genetically, via learning, or via social learning, but in all cases, the animal estimates the degree of kinship as some function of the extent to which others match its own template
- 26- Rule-of-thumb models of kin recognitiono “if it lives in your nest/cave/territory, then treat it like kin”
- 27How do animals recognize kin?- Vocal signatures (penguins, wolves, dolphins)
- Sight, odor, taste (herbivorous and carnivorous tadpoles)
- MHC (nesting in house mice) - 28o reciprocal altruism: if individuals benefit from exchanging acts of cooperative and altruistic behavior
- 29prisoner’s dilemma: T > R > P > S T = “Temptation to cheat” payoff
R = “Reward for mutual cooperation” payoff
P = “Punishment for mutual defection” payoff
S = “Suckers” payoff - 30o evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS):is a strategy (or set of strategies) which, if adopted by a population in a given environment, is impenetrable, meaning that it cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy (or strategies) that are initially rare
- 31o tit for tat (TFT):reciprocity- based, if the partner cooperates, then cooperate; if the partner defects, then defect
- 32Byproduct Mutualismimmediate cost or penalty if it did not act cooperatively
- 33o within-group selectionacts against cooperators and altruists, because such individuals, by definition, pay some cost that others do not
- 34o between-group selectionfavors cooperation when groups with more cooperators outproduce other groups (e.g. alarm callers)
- 35Coalitionsa cooperative action taken by at least two individuals or groups against another individual or group.
- 36- alliancesWhen coalitions exist for long periods of time
- 37reciprocal coalitions overcome such costs by having the individual that enlisted them respond when they themselves need help
- 38 “First-order” alliancespairs or trios of males acting in a coordinated way, stay very close to one another, males act in a very coordinated, aggressive manner to prevent the females from leaving
- 39 “second-order” superalliancesaggressively attack and “steal” females from other alliances
- 40- interspecific cooperation = Mutualismcooperation between individuals from different species
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- Diagnostik Karteikarten am Comp psy II, erstellt von Yvi Beck am 23/10/2019.
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- Yvi Beck
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