Karteikarten
PSYCH - Research methods key terms
Karten in diesem Stapel (29)
- 1INTERNAL VALIDITYwhether an observed effect can be attributed to the IV
- 2SINGLE BLIND DESIGNwhere the participant doesn't know the true extent of the study
- 3DOUBLE BLIND DESIGNWhere both researcher and pp don't know true extent of the study
- used in placebos - 4ECOLOGICAL VALIDITYConcerns the representativeness and generalisability of a study
- 5DEBRIEFING-ethical GUIDELINE
-NOT an ethical issue - 6ETHICAL ISSUES-STRESS
-Right to withdraw (lack of)
-Deception
-Informed consent (lack of) - 7PRESUMPTIVE CONSENT-a group the same as your pp's
-ask them if they'd give consent to study
-then depending on their response, carry out experiment on real pp's - 8ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESISStates that something IS going to happen
- that the IV WILL have an effect on the DV - 9NULL HYPOTHESISthe statement that NOTHING is going to happen
- the IV will NOT haven an effect - 10OPERATIONALISINGspecifying about the EXACT nature of the IV + DV
- 11REPEATED MEASURESAll pp's exposed to both conditions.
When comparing results of each condition, any difference is NOT influenced by abilities - 12INDEPENDENT GROUPStwo groups of pp's and each group does one condition.
Comparison of the results from each group is likely to be influenced by the different abilities.
ADVANTAGE: NO ORDER EFFECTS - 13MATCHED PAIRSSimilar to independent groups.
HOWEVER, an attempt is made to 'balance' the groups - 14ORDER EFFECTSRefers to how the positioning of a question in a survey can influence the overall outcome/results
- 15COUNTERBALANCINGA type of experimental design in which all possible orders of presenting the variables are included.
- 16LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS -advantagesCONTROL - effects of confounding variables are minimised
REPLICATION - able to run study again and again to check findings
CAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS - possible to establish whether one variable can cause changes to another - 17LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS -disadvantagesARTIFICIAL - may not measure real life behaviour
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS - pp's may respond according to what they think is being researched
ETHICS - deception is often used - 18FIELD EXPERIMENTS (conducted outside the laboratory) - advantagesECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - less artificial than those done in a lab, more relatable
DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS - can be avoided as pp's may not know they're in a study - 19FIELD EXPERIMENTS -disadvantagesLESS CONTROL - confounding variables are more likely in natural environment
ETHICS - pp's who didn't agree to take part may experience distress - 20NATURAL EXPERIMENTS -advantagesETHICS - possible to study variables that it would be unethical to manipulate
- 21NATURAL EXPERIMENTS -disadvantagesPP ALLOCATION - can't randomly allocate pp's, confounding variables may have an effect
RARE EVENTS - some groups of interest are hard to find
ETHICS - deception if often used - 22NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS (observe but don't interfere) -advantagesECOLOGICAL VALIDITY - behaviour is natural/no demand characteristics
THEORY DEVELOPMENT - can develop ideas about behaviour that could be tested in more controlled conditions later - 23NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS -disadvantagesEXTRANEOUS VARIABLES - unable to control
OBSERVER BIAS - expectations may affect what is recorded / lack of reliability
ETHICS - debriefing can be difficult / lack of informed consent / privacy must be respected - 24CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH (looks for relationships between variables) - advantagesCAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS - can be ruled out if no correlation exists
ETHICS - can study variables that would be unethical to manipulate - 25CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH -disadvantagesCAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS - cannot be assumed by a correlation / may be cause by an unknown variable
ETHICS - misinterpretation can be an issue - 26QUESTIONNAIRES -advantagesPRACTICAL - can collect a large amount of data quickly and cheaply
- 27QUESTIONNAIRES -disadvantagesBAD Q's - leading questions may appear
BIASED SAMPLES - some people are more likely to respond than others
SELF REPORT - social desirability bias
ETHICS - confidentiality - 28CASE STUDIES (intensive descriptions of a case/individual) -advantagesRICH DATA - opportunity to study rare phenomena
UNIQUE CASES - can challenge existing ideas and theories - suggests ideas for future research - 29CASE STUDIES -disadvantagesCAUSAL RELATIONSHIPS - researcher has little control over variables
GENERALISATION - using a single case makes this difficult
ETHICS - informed consent is difficult to obtain is subject has rare disorder