Karteikarten
Additional Biology
Karten in diesem Stapel (67)
- 1Where is bile produced and stored?Bile is produced in the liver (here, it neutralises stomach acids)
Then stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine. - 2What are the three digestive enzymes, where are they produced and what do they do?Amylase - breaks down starch into glucose & produced in the slavery glands, pancreas and the small intestine.
Protease - Breaks down proteins into amino acids & produced in the pancreas, small intestine and stomach.
Lipase - breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol & produced in the pancreas and small intestine. - 3Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?It kills bacteria and gives the right PH level for protease to work
- 4What 3 things do plant cells have that animal cells don't?Cell wall
Permanent Vacuole
Chloroplasts - 5where is the genetic material found in bacteria cells? Why?The cytoplasm because it doesn't have a nucleus.
- 6How is the sperm cell adapted for swimming to the egg cell?It has;
Streamlined head
Long tail
packed with mitochondria for energy - 7What is an organ?A group of different tissues that work together to carry out a specific function
- 8What do both animal and plant cells contain?Cell membrane
mitochondria
ribosomes
nucleus
cytroplasm - 9How s a palisade leaf cell adapted for photosynthesis?It has;
thin shape
Packed with chloroplasts
Tall shape - 10Why is glucose turned into starch in plants?Glucose is insoluble & doesn't absorb water like starch.
- 11The functions of proteins in living cells?Proteins act as;
catalysts
hormones
antibodies
structural components of tissues - 12Why a enzyme-catalysed reaction stops at a certain temperature?It stops at a certain temperature because if it goes above 37 degrees the bond holding the enzyme together breaks which denatures the enzyme.
- 13Where is the genetic material found in plants, animals and yeast cells?The nucleus
- 14What is the green substance in leaves?chlorophyll which is in the chloroplasts.
- 15what tissues are leaves made out of?Xylem
phloem
mesophyll
epidermal - 16what are the plant organs?Roots
Stem
Leaves - 17Why is it important a plant is at the correct temperature?Too hot (over 45 degrees)
and the enzyme denatures
Too cold and the enzyme works slowly - 18what is a tissue?A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function.
- 19What substances can diffuse through the cell membrane? What substances can't?substances that can;
amino acids
oxygen
water
glucose
Substances that can't;
starch & proteins - 20What is diffusion?Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low oncentration
- 21What is a catalyst?a substance which speeds up a reaction without being used up or changed.
- 22what is the equation for photosynthesis?Carbon Dioxide + water ---> glucose + oxygen
- 23how is glucose used in plants?Respiration
Making cellulose for cell walls
Making proteins
Making Seeds
Turning into starch - 24What s a habitat?Where an organism lives
- 25What are the organ systems in the human body?Digestive system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
reproductive system - 26What are organ systems?A group of organs that work together to carry out a certain function
- 27What are he environmental factors that effects where an organism lives?Temperature
water
carbon dioxide
light intensity
nutrients
oxygen - 28What tissues are in the human stomach and animals?Muscular tissues
glandular tissue
epithelial tissue - 29How do you use quadrats to find out how common an organism is?1) Randomly place quadrat in 1st sample area
2) Count all organisms in quadrat
3) Repeat 1 to 2 multiply times
4) Work out the mean
5) Repeat 1 to 4 on 2nd sample area
6) Compare mean results - 30What do guard cells do?Open and close stomata on leaves depending on light allowing gas exchanges and it controls water loss
- 31What do enzymes do?reduces need for high temperatures therefore only speeding up the useful reactions.
- 32What is the digestive system made up of?Liver
small intestine
large intestine
stomach
salivary gland
pancreas - 33How do you carry out a transect study to find out the distribution of an organism?1) Mark out line in sample area
2) Count organisms along the line - 34What does the epithelial tissue do?It covers the some parts of the body.
- 35Egg CellCarries female DNA
Nourishes the embryo
Carries food reserves for embryo - 36What does the glandular tissue do?Produces substances such as;
Enzymes
Hormones - 37What is photosynthesis?When a plant absorbs sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
- 38What does the muscular tissue do?Contracts the muscles bring about movement
- 39What are the limiting factors for photosynthesis?Carbon dioxide
Light intensity
temperature - 40Advantages of farmers using greenhouses?Artificial lights - photosynthesis can continue beyond daylight
Artificial heater - increase the rate of photosynthesis
Paraffin lamps - produce heat, light and carbon dioxide which will increase the rate of photosynthesis. - 41What do yeast cells contain?Nucleus
cell membrane
cell wall
cytroplasms - 42what are quadrats + transects used to study?Quadrats - population size
Transects - distribution of an organism - 43Red blood cellsCarries oxygen around the body
Packed with haemoglobin
have no nucleus
large surface area for absorbing oxygen - 44How do you work out the population size using quadrats?1) find the mean number of organisms
2) multiply by total area - 45How do you work out the mean of quadrats for the distribution of an organism?Total number of organisms
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Total number of quadrats - 46What is the reliability of using quadrats and transects?Good tools
Using large sample area
Repeating - 47What is the validity when using transects or quadrats?Must answer question
Control all variables
Use random sampling - 48Enzymes- Special shapes so they only catalyst one reaction
- Digestive enzymes; such as amylase, protease and lipase break down big molecules into small ones - 49What is respiration?The process of releasing energy from glucose
- 50what is differentiation?process that changes a cell to become specalised
- 51What did Mendel do?- Performed genetic experiments with pea plants
- He noted how characteristics in plants were passed on from one generation to the next. - 52what is the equation for Aerobic respiration?Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
- 53What is the energy by aerobic respiration used for?In animals, To contract muscles.
In mammals, keep body temperature steady
In plants, Build sugars, nitrates & nutrients into amino acids. - 54When is anaerobic respiration used?When there is no oxygen intake such as, in exercise
- 55What is he equation for anaerobic respiration?Glucose ---> energy + lactic acid
- 56How to repay an oxygen debt?Breathing hard to get oxygen into the blood so it can remove the lactic acid by oxidising it to CO2 and water.
- 57what are enzymes used in?protease & lipase used in Biological detergents because they are protein digesting enzymes.
To change foods - Starch syrup to sugar syrup
In Industry to speed up reactions - 58Advantages and disadvantages of using enzymes in industry?Advantages:
Reduces cost
Reduces use of energy
biogradable so less pollution
Disadvantages:
Expensive
Tightly controlled - 59How does DNA control the activities in a cell?Contains instructions to put organisms together and make it work
- 60What is mitosis?A cell reproducing itself by splitting to form two identical offsprings
- 61What is meiosis?Sexual reproduction to form a new individual containing DNA from both female and male.
- 62what is an allele?A different version of the same gene
- 63What is meant by an organism being heterozygous?2 Alleles from a particular gene are different
- 64what is meant by a organism being homozygous?2 Alleles being the same from a particular gene
- 65How can fossils form?Gradual replacement
Casts or impressions
Preservation - 66factors which can lead to a species becoming extinct?new predators
new disease
new species
catastrophic event - 67what is speciation?The development of a new species