Karteikarten
Pragmatics
Karten in diesem Stapel (76)
- 1What is pragmatics?MEANING.
Meaning in context of discourse.
(Unlike semantics which concerns literal meaning) - 2What does pragmatics study?Pragmatics studies how utterances have meanings in situations. Recall the Battle of Culloden example from Yule book. Tourists didn't get what war the kid meant.
- 3What creates meaning, according to pragmatics?The speakers intention + the recipient/listener's interpretation.
The same utterance can have different meanings when uttered by different people (duh) - 4What is inference or to infer?To understand something implicitly, to get an implicit message is to be able to infer.
'I inferred he had plans to go to...' - 5What is deixis and a deictic expression?Deixis is pointing via language. A deictic expression points to something in the immediate context.
'Meet me here tomorrow with a bag about this big'.
me=person deixis, here =spatial deixis, tomorrow (temporal deixis), this gestural deixis) - 6Who or what is the deictic center?The speaker is the deictic center. One's speech can be near or far/awar from the speaker.
This is called proximal respectively distal. - 7An example sentence of showing deictic person closeness'We don't smoke here..'
closeness, we are one, polite - 8Example words of spatial deixisThe adverbs here and there. Befor we had yonder, thence and hither.
Further we have the relative spatial dimensions of right and left as well as the absolute dimensions of west, east, north and south. - 9The message in an answering machine is an example of whatDeictic projection
- 10What word do we use in English to convey temporal deixis?Then - can refer to past or future.
'Then I realized...'
'Fine, we'll see then' - 11What can shifting from direct to indirect speech communicate?It's a shift in deixis to show the distal aspect, iow to distance oneself.
'I think he's handsome'
'I said I thought he was handsome' - 12What makes a reference successful?A succesful reference is collaborative. Cooperation between speaker and hearer leads to a meaningful convo.
The hearer needs to infer in their heads, they infer the meaning based on their own goals and beliefs. - 13Explain the difference between attributive and referential useAttributive use is referring to something that may not exist. Referential is something we know exists. So,
'I am looking for a white dog with a yellow collar' This can be interpreted 2 ways : that one specific dog or any dog that fits description - 14Expressions are loaded or invested with...they are loaded with referential function depending on context. speaker and the listener's interpretation etc.
In other words. expressions themselves don't have reference. - 15What's a pragmatic connection?a conventional association between a person's name and something else. So,
Tarantino + his movies. - 16Difference betwen co-text and context in pragmatics?Context is the physical environment, co-text is the linguistic environment (for example surrounding words or clause)
- 17What's an antecedant and what's an anaphor? ExemplifyUsed in anaphoric references.
'He looked at her'
He = antecedant (the initial expression)
Her=anaphor (the 2nd or subsequent expression) - 18Say something about cataphoric referencingIt is much less common than anaphoric referencing.
example
'It jumped out! The rabbit had...'
Note how and where the rabbit is introduced... - 19What is ellipsis or zero- anaphoraOften used in recipes. No linguistic expression present.
'Cook for ten minutes'
assumes reader will identify and interpret correctly. Also, 'he got up and went' (no double he) - 20What is a presupposition?It is a inference about what is assumed in an utterance, rather than what is directly asserted or stated.
- 21What's a presupposition?Presuppose =Swe= antagande.
Presuppositions are speaker dependant in the sense that PRESUPPOSITIONS BELONG TO THE SPEAKER; are not inherent to a sentence.
Both presupps and entailments refer to the unstated, implicit meaning. - 22Tell me about entailmentEntail=Swe=medföra
What LOGICALLY FOLLOWS from the utterance.
Entailment has to do with sentence meaning rather than speaker meaning. All sentences have a nr of entailments! Can be drawn solely on our info about the semantic relationship in language. - 23Mary is Tom's sister. II Tom is Mary's brother. What is this an example of?Entailment.
- 24What does constancy under negation mean?It concerns presuppositions and it means that even when p is negative/negated q remains true or constant.
'My son is not clever' still presupposes that I have a son. - 25What are the 6 types of pressuposition?Existential
Factive
Lexical
Structural
non-factive
and counterfactual - 26What are Grice's maxims?Quantity, Quality, Relation and Manner
=QQRM - 27What is Grice's cooperative principle?you should make your contribution such as is required by the present direction of the conversation.
iow your contribution should be helpful, understand what's needed...Kairos almost - 28There is balance act between making your contribution as informative as possible but not more informative than needed. Which of Grice's maxim is this?Quantity
- 29'do not say what you believe to be false' and 'do not say that for which you lack adequate information' which Grice maxim are these about and how could it be explained more simply?The quality maxim and it has to do with truth!
don't skeptisize... - 30According to Grice, one's contribution must be relevant. Which maxim is this?Relation
- 31The last of Grice's maxims is Manner. What does he mean?Don't obscure. Don't be ambiguous. Be brief. Be orderly.
- 32Which of these hedges concerns the maxim Relation? 'by the way' or ' to be brief...''by the way'
because it has to do with relevance; the Relation maxim. - 33Give some examples of hedges that signal observance of the quality and manner maxim.Quality: From what I've understood...
Manner: I hope this makes sense... - 34What does flooting mean?It's when you ignore a maxim. It's not a violation, it's less serious than a direct violation.
When speaker's floot the maxims they communicate by creating implicatures - of which there are 2 types: conversational and conventional. - 35These example sentences are examples of what? 1 )'Do you like J and M?' ' I like M' & 2) 'where's the turkey? ' ' the dog looks happy' & 3 )'I love you' 'aw I like you too'1) example of generalized conversational implicature (flooting the quantity maxim)
2) particularized convo implicature, special knowledge needed to grasp
3) scalar convo implictaure, chosen from a scale - 36There are conventional implicatures. Tell about themthey are not based on the Grice cooperative maxims, rather they are associated with specific words like but, however, yet.
but, however: imply contrast
yet: implies something's expected to later change - 37According to speech act theory/ideas, what can speech be viewed as?As an act (en handling). and it has different 'levels': LIP: locutionary act, illocutionary force and perlocutionary effect.
- 38'It is late.' What's the locutionary act? What's the illo. force and what's the perlo effect?it's the actual utterance in a speech act.
- 39What could be the illocutionary force of 'It is late'? and what is the perlocutionary effect?What the utterance is intended as:
'I think you should leave'
the perlo. effect is what happens in the real world, the response, so for example the person gets up and leaves. - 40What are some words that capture what the illocutionary force can be?warning. threat, promise,
- 41what's the IFID (identify the illoc force) of ' it is late' ?I request that you leave.
so the performative verb (Vp) is REQUEST - 42how can we identify the illocutionary force?by reconstructing a clause.
' I here by (Vp) (locutionary act)'
so I hereby pronounce you married - 43What are felicity conditions?conditions that must be met in order for a speech act to be succesful.
- 44'Alfred, I will bake you a cake' is a speech act. what are the met felicity conditions here?general : both Alfred and I understand/comprehend the utterance.
Content: must refer to a future event. I say something concering a future act I will perform. here I promise him.
Preparatory: the act is beneficial to the hearer. the act will take place in future.
sincerity: I truly intend to do it
Essential: thru my utt I undertake an obligation to bake A the cake - 45There are 5 types of speech acts. 3 of them use words to change the world. give some examples of this.Directive: pass me the salt' or 'can you tell me what time it is?'
Commissives: I'll wreck your life' and 'I'll buy you lunch'
Declarations: 'You're fired'
declarations change the world simply by being uttered. - 46Give examples of the 2 speech acts that make words fit the world (adapt the words to fit the world)Representatives: 'I like grapes' - state what the speaker belives or doesnt believe about the world.
Expressives: state what the speaker is feeling, inner state.
'sorry'
'bravo'
'hooray' - 47What does direct speech act and indirect speech act mean?In direct speech acts, the utterance matches the function. The structure agrees with the function so, 'give me the salt' . straightforward.
Indirect speech acts: the structure does not agree with the function. so, 'are you going to tell me about...?' or 'can you pass me the..' - 48What a speech event and what does it determine?where speech acts happen because speech acts do not happen in isolation.
A speech event can be any length so a lecture, a talk, a hearing, an interview.
The speech event determines the suitableness or appropriateness of the speech acts. - 49Which term has do to with a person's self-image?FACE: an aspect of a person's self-image. Politeness is to be awar of a person's face.
- 50The face has wants/needs such as that their public image be respected. What can threaten face and what can save face?FTA face threatinging act: when somebody is a threat to somebody's self-image.
Face saving act: avoiding a potential threat to a person's self image - 51What would be a politer way of saying 'give me that' and why?'could you give me that?'
because it signals power equality, independence of hearer, perceived choice in the matter, - 52What is negative and positive face??negative gace is concerned w a person's right to independance and not be imposed on.
positive face is concerned w their need to be liked and connect and accepted. social group and common goals. - 53Of these two examples, which is neg politness and which is pos? 'Sir, may I ask you to hand me the' and 'if you would please hand me the X then we will both get done quicker'first is negative (person is independat, adult)
the second example is positive (common goal) - 54Tell me more about pos and negative politenessPos: compliments, signal friendliness, thanking etc
Neg: use markers of humility, apologizing, use indirect speech acts. - 55How might one speack on and off record when needing a pen for ex?on record 'please, lend me your pen'
off record 'think I forgot my pen..' - 56What's an example of a mitigating device?please
sorry, may I...
mitigating devices make an utterance less severe - 57One of these strategies focuses on closeness, social and regional dialects The other focuses on formal politeness and the non-personal. what are the two strategies called?solidarity strategy and defense strategy!
- 58what are the following sentecnes examples of? 'are you busy?' 'what are you doing this sat?' 'will you be using your bike this weekend?'Pre-acts.
they help prevent threat to the speaker's own face. - 59In converstion, what does floor mean? And what does turn mean?Floor= the current right to speak in a conversation.
Turn=the person who is speaking has the turn. - 60Turn-taking is the shift between speakers in a conversation. But what is TRP transition relevance place?Transition relevance place or TRP is a possible point where a change of speaker occurs.
- 61Where do Transition relevance places usually occur and what can you do to avoid letting another speaker in?TRPs occur at the end of a unit. To keep your turn or avoid letting another speaker in you can use no open pauses or indicate a longer structure ”first of all...secondly...”
Etc - 62What is turn yielding and how can one signal it?Keeping one’s turn through signals of not being finished.
Prosody : rythm and sound
Syntax: order of words ’Oh, and...”
Semantics: actual word’s meaning for example ’and’ in Oh and - 63How can we show a speaker in a convo that we are listening?By using back-channels like Mm, Yeah, aha, and sentence completion and brief restaements, asking for clarification
- 64What do back-channels not count as?They do not count as turn-claiming. They are not meant to signal the wish to speak, but signal attention.
- 65Back-channels and conversations in general vary across cultures and countries. Say something about silence in English and the West versus silence in for ex Finland and Aboriginals in Aust.English listener rarely silence >15 second BUT (!) also a lack of back-channels. Significant to English.
We find silence awkward, failure.
Finland and Abor - value silence, shows respect. - 66What are adjacency pairs?Formulaic or semi-formulaic pairs of utterances and responses.
’How are you guys?’
’We’re fine! And you?’
Or
’Wanna get coffee?’
’I’d love to!’ - 67The following is an example of what? Q 1 -you comin to the party? Q2-when was it again? R2-it’s tonight! R1- oh. no, I can’t.An insertion sequence.
Q2 or question nr 2 is needed to clarify.
What follows is that R1 answers Q1. - 68What are 2 main converational styles and in what situations might you use them?High involvement: a spontanious coffee w an old friend
High consideration: at an important and formal meeting - 69Which one usually requires more words - turning down an invite or accepting?Turning down the invite.
- 70Adjacency pairs tend to have what?A preferred structure ... which is the most frequent response.
- 71What are schemata and what are frames?Schema is pre-existing knowledge structures in memory.
Frames are static or fixed types of schemata. Frames can be shared by everyone within a social group.
Schema and frames count as background knowledge and allow us to interpret the implicit. - 72What is discourse analysis in pragmatics?The pragmatic element of discourse analysis focuses on what
is unsaid or unwritten, but communicated.
Pragmaticists are interested in background knowledge, beliefs
and expectations. What did the speaker/writer have in mind? - 73What is coherent language (in discourse and culture)?Coherent language (whether written or spoken) makes sense to
the listener, and provides the clues as to how the text is to be
interpreted.
Discourse analysis deals with text-specific features – in
different texts, story telling, debate, news reporting – and
links that create cohesion.
Coherent language is language that makes sense to the recipient and gives clues/an idea of how it's meant to be interpreted. - 74Give examples of framesLibrary, grocery store, seminar
- 75'When more dynamic schemata are considered, they are often called...' what?Scripts!
Scripts are pre-existing knowledge structures regarding the usual sequences of events. In what order things usually occur and are acted out or said.
The movies has a script, a seminar has script, doctor's office etc.
Scripts help us recognize expected actions in event sequences... - 76Give two examples of differences in cultural schemata.1) AUS worker 'You have 5 days off. What are you going to do?'
Vietnamese worker though she'd been fired.
2) For Germans, joking is a private matter. For Am, joking is private as well as public.
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- English Karteikarten am Pragmatics, erstellt von Jonanna M am 05/12/2021.
- Erstellt von
- Jonanna M · Dez 2021
- Aktualisiert
- 9 Dez 2021
- Aufrufe
- 6
- Bewertung