Karteikarten
Memory 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM)
Karten in diesem Stapel (31)
- 1What is the role of rehearsal in STM? (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968)- Argued that info in STM that is rehearsed sufficiently will be transferred to LTM
- Info in STM - NOT REHEARSE enough = LOST
- Support for argument - SERIAL-POSITION EFFECT - 2Serial-Position EffectThe effect of an item’s position in a list of items to be learned on how well it is remembered
- 3Serial-Position Effect - Study- Participants are asked to memorise a list of words which they recall immediately or after an interval
- Eg. Horse, train, school, duck, cow, cook, boat, hospital
- Researchers observe how well the first, second, third, etc. word on the list is remembered - 4Primacy Effect- Words that are positioned at the BEGINNING of the list are generally REMEMBERED WELL
- Words REHEARSED OFTEN - TRANSFERRED into LTM
- If REHEARSAL is SUPPRESSED (eg. by saying the word "the" over and over") - primacy effect DISSAPEARS - 5Recency Effect- If participants recall the words immediately - words that were positioned at the END of the list - REMEMBERED WELL too
- DISAPPEARS when participants have to RECALL the WORDS AFTER an interval (they received a distractor task - COULD NOT rehearse the words)
- DOES NOT disappear - REHEARSAL SUPPRESSED - 6Serial Position Effect Graph
- 7What happens to the words in the MIDDLE of the list?- Receive LESS REHEARSAL than words at the BEGINNING - NO LONGER in STM at the time of recall (lost)
- 8STM research- Supports the claim that rehearsal causes info to be transferred from STM to LTM
- There is neuropsychological support for the modal model of memory
- People with damage to the medial temporal lobes (MTL) have intact STM:
- Can still recall info that was learnt prior to traume (no retrograde amnesia)
- CANNOT TRANSFER newly learnt info from STM to LTM (anterograde amnesia) - Like HM - 9Is there one STM system?- Although there is neurpsychological support for the modal model of memory - also research that suggests that the Atkinson's model REQUIRES REFINEMENT
- Some research showed that while neurological patients had problems with one type of STM task (eg. digit-span task) - Had FEWER problems with other types of STM tasks (eg. Corsi task)
- To account for those results - Baddeley & Hitch (1974) - proposed the WMM
- Yes? - 10Working Memory Model (WMM)- Argued that STM has 3 components:
1) Visuospatial Sketchpad
2) Phonological Loop
3) Central Executive
- 11Visuospatial SketchpadRefers to the visual component that is responsible for processing spatial and visual information, useful for navigation
- 12Phonological Loop- Refers to the verbal component responsible for the process of comprehending spoken and written materials
- Consists of 2 sub-systems:
1) Phonological store
2) Articulatory control process - 13Phonological StoreResponsible for processing spoken words that are heard for 1 – 2 seconds
- 14Articulatory Control ProcessResponsible for speech production processing; rehearses and stores the verbal information that is present in the phonological store
- 15Central Executive 1- Refers to the attentional component that is responsible for allocating encoded data to the sub-systems and processes cognitive tasks such as problem-solving
- Attentional controller - Governs the flow of info to the two other components - 16STM Performance 1- Usually BETTER for VISUOSPATIAL than for VERBAL info
- Brooks (1967) - found that people could remember about 8 pieces of visuospatial info, but only 6 pieces of verbal info
- When performing two tasks at the same time (Dual-task paradigm) - performance of one spatial task (eg. rotor pursuits) - DISRUPTS the performance on another spatial task (eg. mental rotation)
- Dual-task paradigm - DID NOT disrupt the performance on a verbal task (eg. learning words)
^^ Findings: Suggests that VISUOSPATIAL & VERBAL info are PROCESSED by SEPARATE systems - 17STM Performance 2- It seems that VISUAL & SPATIAL info are also PROCESSED SEPARATELY
- Della Sala et al (1999) - found only POOR CORRELATION between PERFORMANCE on VISUAL tasks (eg. pattern recog.) & PERFORMANCE on SPATIAL tasks (eg. Corsi)
- Suggests that - VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD - should be further divided into visual & spatial units - 18Support for the Phonological Loop-Phonological Similarity Effect
- Irrelevant Speech Effect
- Word Length Effect - 19Phonological Similarity Effect (Conrad & Hull, 1964)- POOR RECALL for words - when they SOUND SIMILAR compared to when they sound differently
- Similar: Mad, cap, can, man, map
- Different: Pen, day, cow, bar, rib
- Effect was also found when WORDS are PRESENTED VISUALLY - Suggesting that WORDS are ENCODED AUDITORILY - 20Irrelevant Speech Effect (Salame & Baddeley, 1987)- POOR RECALL for WORDS when their PRESENTATION was PAIRED with IRRELEVANT SPEECH - Phonological Inference
- 21Word Length Effect (Baddeley et al, 1975)- When presented with lists of short & long words
- SHORT WORDS = REMEMBERED BETTER
- Effect CAUSED by DIFFERENCES in REHEARSAL
- LONGER words = MORE TIME to be pronounced
- If REHEARSAL is SUPPRESSED - EFFECT DISAPPEARS (ie. Short & long words are BOTH remembered EQUALLY POORLY) - 22Central Executive 2- Failures include:
- Common LAPSES & ERRORS - Such as driving home after work (usual destination) when you should have gone to the bank
- Baddeley et al. - provided a sparse definition - other researchers have provided BETTER DEFINITONS - 23Central Executive (Norman & Shallice, 1982)- Suggested a better definition - Supervisory Attention System:
- Controls behaviour
- Distributes attentional resources to other units
- Schedules tasks (ie. in which order to do things) - 24Episodic Buffer 1- Original WMM DID NOT account for LTM influences in:
- Chunking in digit-span tasks
- Improved recall of long sentences in comparison to recall of unrelated words
- Baddeley (2000, 2003) added this component to the model
- 25Episodic Buffer 2- Is a temporary ‘backup’ store that holds information and combines both verbal and visual information
- Unit - integrates info from WM & LTM - 26Alternative Views- Embedded Process Model
- Feature Model
- SIMPLE Model - 27Embedded Process Model (Cowan et al, 2005; Oberauer, 2002)Argues that what we call STM is just the part of LTM that is currently active
- 28Feature Model (Nairne, 1988)- Argues that all information is recalled from LTM
- What we call STM is just used for maintaining that information - 29SIMPLE Model (Brown et al, 2007)Argues that memory processes are the same regardless of the time scale - making the division between STM & LTM unnecessary
- 30Summary 1- Rehearsal - NECESSARY to transfer info from STM to LTM
- Role of rehearsal in STM - supported by the Serial Position Effect:
1) Priamcy Effect
2) Recency Effect
- Neuropsychological & behavioural research has suggested that STM should be divided in separate units - 31Summary 2- WMM divides the STM into 3 Units:
1) Visuospatial sketcpad (which may have to be divided further into visual & spatial units)
2) Phonological loop (2 subsystems - Phonological store & Articulatory control system)
3) Central Executive
- To address interactions with LTM - Episodic Buffer was later add to the WMM
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- undergraduate Cognitive psychology Karteikarten am Memory 2 - Short-Term Memory (STM), erstellt von Izati Saim am 15/01/2022.
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- Izati Saim
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