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CLA theories
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- 1Behaviourist theory - SkinnerThe idea that children imitate adults so their correct utterances are reenforced when they receive praise or get what they want, the same way a child will learn an utterance is meaningless through no response/negative response
- 2What are the criticisms of behviourismChildren aren't always corrected but they do learn correct utterances eventually, caregivers tend to focus on content rather than accuracy, language is built up gradually through stages of acquisition
- 3Nativism - Noam ChomskyThe idea that children have a special langauge leaning mechanism at birth that allows them to learn.
- 4What are the criticisms of thisIgnores the importance of caregivers, children who lack exposure often never catch up, there seems to be a critical period in which children learn best
- 5Cognitive theory - Jean PiagetThe idea that language is just one aspect of a child's overall development. A child must first understand the concept of something before it acquires the language to express it so they must reach certain development stages to learn language
- 6Interaction theory - BrunerA child learns language out of the desire to communicate with the world around them so caregivers play a major roll in their language acquisition and form a part of their LASS (language acquisition support system)
- 7Scaffolding - VygotskyStates that caregivers direct the child through their zone of proximal development, older people tend to teach younger people
- 8Gleason (1975) studyFound that fathers more imperatives generally and with sons rather than daughters, they were less responsive to subtle signals from their child , mothers were more sensitive and used less complex constructions however both simplified speech
- 9Criticisms of Gleason's studyIts doesn't accurately represent fathers nowadays as has basically saying that fathers spent less time with their kids and therefore understood them less which now could be contested
- 10What are the aims of CDSAttract and hold the child's attention, break language down into understandable chunks and make conversation predictable by referring to the here and now
- 11How do parents adapt their speech when addressing their childrenSimplify - allow the child to understand
Facilitate - Asking the child frequent questions
Speaking clearly and slowly
Recast and model - demonstrate correct usages and help child practise - 12Clarke-Stewart (1973)Found that children who's mothers talk to them have larger vocabularies
- 13Kathrine Nelson (1973)Expansion coupled with recasting improved the childs ability to speak so kids whose mothers didnt correct them advanced faster
- 14Kuhl (1992)Found that mothers in three different countries all used exaggerated vowel sounds to catch their child's attention
HOWEVER
In some countries children are expected to blend in so no special accommodation is made and they still develop at the same rate - 15Clark and ClarkFound that children exposed to only adult speech don't acquire the same standard of language as those whose parents speak to them in a modified manner
- 16WellsShowed that rate of language development at 30 months is directly proportional to mothers speech during shared activity
- 17Keith and ShuttleworthSuggests CDS may be more social than it is educational
- 18Berko and BrownThe 'fis' phenomenon - babies don't hear themselves the same way we do so they may think they may think they are pronouncing something correctly when they aren't and no amount of correction will fix this
- 19Brown, Bellugi and CazenFound parents tend to respond to the truth of a child's utterance rather than its grammatical correctness
- 20M A K Halliday language functionsInstrumental - Language is used to fulfil a need
Regulatory - Speaker commands, persuades or requests
Interactive - How we form relationships
Personal - How we refer to ourselves - 21Grice's maximsRelevance - sticking to the topic
Manner - avoid obscurity and ambiguity
Quantity - saying the right amount
Quality - Be truthful - 22Sinclair and Coulthhard (1975)From an early age children learn the turn taking when interacting with parents, they theorised the initiation, response and feedback model which is the standard conversational model
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- AS level English Karteikarten am CLA theories, erstellt von lukas majda am 03/05/2024.
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