Karteikarten
Attachment - Knowledge and understanding
Karten in diesem Stapel (50)
- 1What is infancy?The period of a child's life before speech
- 2What interactional synchrony?The imitation of emotions as well as behaviours
- 3Who conducted the first systematic study into interactional synchrony?Meltzoff + Moore
- 4What did Meltzoff and Moore find?Infants as young as 2-3 weeks imitated specific hand gestures and facial movements
- 5How did Meltzoff and Moore carry out their investigation?They used an adult model who displayed a 3 different faces or hand gestures. A dummy was placed in the infant's mouth to prevent any response during the initial display. The dummy was removed after display and the reaction was filmed.
- 6What did Meltzoff and Moore find in a later study?Infants only 3 days old demonstrated the same synchrony which rules out the possibility that imitation is learned.
- 7What is reciprocity?Responding to the action of another with a similar action. One action of a person elicits a response from another
- 8What did Brazelton suggest about reciprocity?It is important as the regularity of an infants signals allows the caregiver to anticipate behaviour and respond appropriately
- 9What is separation anxiety?distress how by a child when separated from caregiver
- 10What is stranger anxiety?Distress shown by an infant when approached by a stranger
- 11Who constructed the 4 stages of attachment?Schaffer and Emerson
- 12What are the 4 stages of attachment?1.) Indiscriminate attachment - infant displays similar responses to everything (0-2m)
2.) Beginning of attachment - 4 months more sociable can distinguish between strangers and non strangers
3.) discriminate attachment - 7 months stranger and separation anxiety experienced and a specific attachment has been formed with primary caregiver.
4.) Multiple attachments - 13What did Schaffer and Emerson find regarding the role of the father?Most men are not psychologically equipped to be primary attachment figures due to the lack of oestrogen in their system.
- 14What is imprinting?an innate readiness to develop a strong emotional bond with mother amongst animals.
- 15Outline Lorenz's animal study?Took a clutch of gosling eggs divided into 2 groups. 1 group had natural mother other placed in an incubator. incubator eggs hatched and attached to lorenz. lorenz marked both groups and placed them together.
- 16What did Lorenz find?Goslings divided themselves up. Lorenz's group showed no recognition of mother. Long lasting effects on sexual imprinting
- 17Outline Harlow's study of animals2 wire mothers different head - 1 cloth, 1 wire
8 baby monkeys studied for 165 days - 18what did Harlow find?all 8 monkeys chose cloth regardless if it had bottle on it or not. motherless monkeys developed abnormally
- 19What is learning theory?A group of explanations which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than inborn tendencies
- 20What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?classical conditioning is learning through association whereas operant conditioning is learning through reinforcement.
- 21What is social learning theory?Learning through the observation of others.
- 22What was the aim of Ainsworth's Strange situation?To see how infants behave under mild stress
- 23What is the first step of the strange situation?1.) Mother and child introduced to the room: if child uses mother as a safe base - secure; if child is clingy - insecure resistant; if child is uninterested - insecure avoidant
- 24What is the second step of the Strange Situation?Mother and child are left alone whilst child investigates. if child uses mother as a safe base - secure; if child is clingy - insecure resistant; if child is uninterested - insecure avoidant
- 25What is the third step of Ainsworth's Strange Situation?A stranger enters the room and talks with the mother. The stranger gradually approaches the infant with a toy. Stranger anxiety high - secure/insecure resistant; stranger anxiety low - insecure avoidant
- 26what is the fourth step of the strange situation?Mother leaves child with stranger and stranger interacts with child. separation anxiety: upset but easily sorted - secure; extremely upset - insecure resistant; not bothered - insecure avoidant
- 27what is the fifth stage in the strange situation?Mother returns to greet and comfort child: joyful - secure; seek and reject mother - insecure resistant; not bothered - insecure avoidant
- 28What are cultural variations?The ways that different groups of people vary in terms of their social practices and the effect that has on development and behaviour
- 29What are the attachment type percentages for USA?Secure - 65%
Avoidant - 21%
Resistant - 14% - 30What are the attachment type percentages for Germany?Secure - 57%
avoidant - 35%
resistant - 8% - 31What are the attachment type percentages for Israel?Secure - 57%
Avoidant - 7%
Resistant - 29% - 32What are the attachment type percentages for Japan?Secure - 68%
Avoidant - 5%
Resistant - 27% - 33What was significant about the Takahashi Strange Situation?Japanese strange situation found majority secure but there was a large insecure resistant. Had to stop for 90% of Ps at separation point.
Due to cultural differences SS lacks internal and external validity - 34What did Bowlby propose about maternal deprivation?Prolonged emotional deprivation would have long term consequences in terms of emotional development.
- 35Why do children need an intimate and continuous relationship?To develop normal mental health
- 36How long does the sensitive period last?Up to the age of 2 and a half
- 37What happens if there is prolonged separation during the sensitive period?Emotional disturbance
- 38How could potential damage be avoided and what does this mean?If there is suitable sub emotional care. This means that separation does not necessarily result in deprivation.
- 39What are the long term consequences of deprivation?Depression and emotional maladjustment
- 40What is the key study for maternal deprivation?Bowlby's 44 thieves
- 41What was the procedure for 44 thieves?Bowlby analysed case studies/histories of a number of his patients in child's guidance clinic London. All kids were emotionally maladjusted. 88 were studied - 44 caught stealing, 44 control group. Thieves were classed as psychopaths - lacked normal signs of affection which is what enabled them to steal without feeling guilty.
- 42What were the findings of the 44 thieves study?Those diagnosed as thieves experienced frequent early separation. Almost none of the control group had experienced early separation.
- 43What are the impacts of institutionalisation?Physical underdevelopment - physically small, lack of emotional care causes deprivational dwarfism
Intellectual under functioning; Disinhibited attachment - a form of insecure attachment where children do not discriminate between people they choose as attachment figures (common with rape victims); Poor parenting - Harlow's monkeys, Quinton and 50 women. - 44Who conducted the longitudinal study of 36 Romanian Orphans adopted by families in Canada?Le Mare and Audet
- 45What did they find?Adopted orphans were physically smaller than matched control group at 4 and a half.
- 46What is the internal working model?Mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their environment. Relates to a persons expectations about relationships.
- 47What is the role of the internal working model?An infant learning about a relationship through experience.
- 48What is the key study for Influence of Early Attachment?Hazan and Shaver's love quiz
- 49What was their procedure?Quiz questioned current attachment, attachment history and attitudes towards love.
- 50What did they find?Out of 205 men and 415 women, 56% secure, 25% avoidant, 19% resistant. positive correlation between attachment type and love. Secure - happy love, emphasised trust and acceptance, positive internal working model.
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- Beschreibung
- AS - Level Psychology (Attachment) Karteikarten am Attachment - Knowledge and understanding, erstellt von Jade Gordon am 28/02/2016.
- Erstellt von
- Jade Gordon
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