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Chapter 1 - Cell Biology
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- 1What are the 3 points of the cell theory?1. Cells are the smallest possible units of life.
2. Living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
3. Cells come from pre-existing cells - 2What are 2 exceptions to the cell theory?1. The skeletal muscle - Made up of muscle fibers. Like cells these fibres are enclosed inside a membrane, but they are much larger than most cells and contain hundreds of nuclei.
2. Giant Algae - Grows to a length of as much as 100mm so we would expect them to consist of many small cells but they only contain a single nucleus so are not multicellular. - 3What are the 7 functions of life?- Nutrition
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Excretion
- Metabolism
- Homeostasis
- Response - 4What are unicellular organisms?Organisms with only one cell, where all functions of life are carried out in that cell.
- 5What are two examples of unicellular organisms?Paramecium and chlamydomonas
- 6How do the 7 functions of life work with the unicellular cell of paramecium?Nutrition: Feeds on other organisms by ingesting through endocytosis.
Growth: Increases in size and dry mass by consuming the organic matter and minerals from it's food.
Response: Reacts to touch and reverses it's direction of movement when touching a solid object.
Excretion: Excretion through respiration with CO2 as a waste product.
Metabolism: Produces enzymes which speed up chemical reactions.
Homeostasis: Keeps internal conditions within limits
Reproduction: Reproduces asexually through mitosis. - 7How do the 7 functions of life work with the unicellular cell of chlamydomonas?Nutrition: Produces it's own food through photosynthesis.
Growth: Increases in size and dry mass by the absorption of minerals by photosynthesis.
Response: Reacts to stimuli. Senses where the brightest light.
Excretion: Excretion of oxygen through photosynthesis
Metabolism: Produces enzymes which speed up chemical reactions
Homeostasis: Keeps internal conditions within limits
Reproduction: Reproduce asexually through mitosis. - 8What functions of life work the same for paramecium and chlamydomonas?Metabolism
Homeostasis
Reproduction - 9What functions of life work differently for paramecium and chlamydomonas?Nutrition
Growth
Response
Excretion - 10What are multicellular organisms?A cell that composes of one or more cells.
Example: Tiger, humans, etc. - 11How is surface area to volume ratio relevant in multicellular organisms?- As a cell grows it's surface area to volume ratio becomes smaller.
- And if it grows too much it will use up and produce more material and not be able to excrete waste substances quickly enough.
- Therefore large organisms are multicellular. They have many cells. - 12How are emergent properties relevant in multicellular organisms?- Emergent properties are seen in complex structures (multicellular organisms)
- The idea that all the cellular components of an organisms are put to better use when combined.
Ex: Each cell in a tiger has distinctive properties. - 13Explain differentiation? (Relevant to multicellular organisms)- Genes of organisms are found in its genome which is found in the DNA
- Every cell in multicellular organisms has the capacity to develop into any type of cell.
- During differentiation a cell uses only the genes it needs to develop into another cell. - 14What are stem cells?Stem cells are cells in their early stages that have the ability to divide and to differentiate along different pathways and become other cells. They are basically unspecialized. They are cells that don't have a role yet.
- 15Give 2 examples for stem cell use.1. Stargrats macular dystrophy - A genetic disease for children causing malfunction for active transport in retina cells.
2. Leukemia - A cancer which produces an increased amount of white blood cells in the bone marrow. The process for stem cell treatment is:
1. Fluid is removed from the bone marrow with a needle.
2. Stem cells are extracted out of the fluid and kept frozen.
3. Chemotherapy drugs are given killing the cancer cells.
4. Stem cells are placed back in the bone marrow where they start producing red and white blood cells curing the leukemia. - 16Explain the ethics of stem cell useYES POINTS:
- Helps the quality of life for patients suffering from disease.
NO POINTS:
- People say an embryo is a life at it's early stages and if the embryo dies during the procedures a life has been lost. - 17Structure of prokaryotic cellsCytoplasm - Protein synthesis
Cell wall + Plasma membrane: Encapsulates the cellular material
Nucleoid - Genetic material
Pili - Used to sense it surrounds
70S ribosomes - Involved in the production of proteins and also is what translates genetic coding.
Flagellum - Mechanism used for it to move. - 18Drawing prokaryotic cells
- 19What is binary fission?The process for which bacteria (prokaryotic cells) divide. The bacterial chromosome is replicated, leaving two identical copies.
- 20Structure of eukaryotic cells
- 21Drawing eukaryotic cells
- 22Drawing the membrane structure
- 23Explain phospholipids (Relevant to the membrane)- The basic component of all biological membranes.
- In the phospholipid bilayer we have a head which is hydrophilic (Water loving) and tails which are hydrophobic (water resistant) - 24What is cholesterol?- It's what's in the phospholipid bilayer.
- The bilayer is fragile and can move.
- Cholesterol allows for stability in the bilayer reducing the fluidity. - 25Name the 3 important membrane proteins and what they do.1. Hormone receptor: Senses hormones on the outside of the cell.
2. Channels: Single molecules of amino acids can go through the channels of membrane proteins, but big proteins such as polypeptides have to go through endocytosis/exocytosis through active transport.
3. Pumps: They go against the concentration gradient. They take things from an area of low concentration to a high concentration. That process requires energy. - 26What is diffusion?The passive movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
(Doesn't require energy) - 27What is simple diffusion?When small substances move from an area of high concentration to low concentration and can move through the phospholipid bilayer. (Passive transport) - Goes through phospholipid bilayer.
(NO ENERGY REQUIRED) - 28What is facilitated diffusion?- Any substance that can’t go through the phospholipid bilayer directly and must go through the membrane protein channels.
- This is from an area of high concentration to low concentration. - 29What is osmosis?The passive movement of water molecules from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration across a membrane.
- 30Outline all the stages of mitosis and explain what happensMitosis (Cell divison)
Prophase:
- DNA supercoiling
- The formation of spindel microtubules
- Breakdown of nuclear membrane begins
Metaphase:
- The chromosomes are lined up by the spindel microtubules
Anaphase:
The two sister chromotides are pulled apart from each other by the spindel microtubules.
- 46 chromosomes on each side of the cell. (Each sister chromatic becomes a chromosome)
Telophase:
The dna is uncoiled and two separate nuclear membranes are created by taking a piece of the cytoplasm. This process is known as cytokinesis.
Spindel microtubules breakdown - 31Draw the cell cycle and explain each stage.
- 32How is cytokinesis relevant in mitosis?It's relevant in telophase in mitosis (the last stage) where two new nuclear membranes are created taking a piece of the cytoplasm.
- 33What are the main differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?Eukaryotic cells:
- Has a nucleus
Prokaryotic cells:
- Doesn't have a nucleus - 34What are the main differences between animal cells and plant cells?Animal cells:
- Has a mitochondria
Plant cells:
- Has a cell wall
- Has a chloroplast
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- Standard Biology Karteikarten am Chapter 1 - Cell Biology, erstellt von Radin Entez am 08/04/2017.
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