Communications

Communications

1. 3 MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

   • THE LINEAR MODEL
     • THE EARLIEST MODEL
     • MOST BASIC MODEL
     • SENDER, RECEIVER, MESSAGE, AND STUFF THAT INTERFERES
     • BAD BC LEAVES OUT RESPONSE (FEEDBACK)
     • EXPLAINS SOME ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION BUT DOESN'T DO IT WELL
   • THE INTERACTIONAL MODEL
     • SENDER AND RECEIVER
     • HAS A MESSAGE AND FEEDBACK
     • EACH PERSON HAS TO RESPOND OUT OF THEIR FIELD OF EXPERIENCE
   • THE TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
     • MUST HAVE SHARED MEANING
     • FIND WHERE OUR OWN EXPERIENCE OVERLAPS WITH THE EXPERIENCE OF OUR PARTNER
     • COMMUNICATION AS SHARED MEANING
   • POINT OF AGREEMENT: COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC
     • SYMBOLS CARRY MEANING

2. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRADITIONS AND CONTEXTS

   • TRADITIONS
     • SEEK TO HELP US CLASSIFY COMMUNICATION THEORIES
     • HISTORICAL IN NATURE
     • SEVEN TRADITIONS
       • RHETORICAL
         • EMPHASIZES SPEECH IN A PUBLIC SETTING
         • EXAMINES ABILITY OF MESSAGE OR SPEAKER TO MOVE PEOPLE TO ACTION OR EMOTION
           • POLITICAL SPEECHES
           • ORGANIZATIONAL
           • RELIGIOUS RHETORIC
           • VISUAL RHETORIC (HOW SIGNS AND SYMBOLS CREATE EMOTION OR ACTION)
       • SEMIOTIC (SIGN)
         • FOCUSES ON SIGNS AND SYMBOLS AND MEANING
         • THREE AREAS OF FOCUS
           • SEMANTICS: "WHAT DOES A SIGN STAND FOR?"
           • SYNTACTICS: "WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS SIGNS"
           • PRAGMATICS: THE PRACTICAL USE AND EFFECTS OF SIGNS
         • HOW DO WE ACHIEVE COMMON MEANING FOR THESE SIGNS AND SYMBOLS
       • CYBERNETIC
         • ONE OF MOST COMMON APPROACHES
         • EMPHASIZES THE PSYCHOLOGICAL VARIABLES OF INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS, PERSONALITIES, PERCEPTION, AND COGNITION
           • HAVING IMPORTANT CONVERSATION - REALIZE YOU NEED TO USE BATHROOM
         • HOW WE "PROCESS" MESSAGES
         • STUDIES USUALLY INVOLVE SUBJECTS OF PERSUASION OR INFLUENCE
       • SOCIO-CULTURAL
         • INTERACTIVE NATURE OF HUMANITY
         • HOW DO NORMS, ROLES, AND RULES WORK IN COMMUNICATION
         • REALITY IS CONSTRUCTED THROUGH A PROCESS OF COMMUNICATING IN GROUPS, SOCIETY, AND CULTURES
           • WALK INTO A CLASS AND GOING TO SIT: TAUGHT THAT THOSE DESKS ARE WHERE YOU SIT
       • CRITICAL
         • WAY COMMUNICATION IS USED TO OPPRESS OR LIBERATE LISTENERS
         • COMMUNICATION W/IN RELATIONSHIPS THAT SHAPE IDENTITY/BEHAVIOR AND OPPRESS AN INDIVIDUAL'S WILL
       • SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL
         • CAUSE AND EFFECT UNDERSTANDING
           • IF SPEAKER MENTIONS 9/11 - WHAT WILL THAT DRAW FROM THE AUDIENCE
         • COMMUNICATION IS INDIVIDUAL AND INFLUENCED BY VARIABLES
       • PHENOMENOLOGICAL
         • KNOWING THROUGH DIRECT EXPERIENCE
         • OUR INTERPRETATION FORMS OUR REALITY
         • THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHERNESS/PHENOMENON
   • CONTEXTS
     • HELP US UNDERSTAND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH COMMUNICATION IS STUDIED
       • NUMBER OF PEOPLE
       • AVAILABLE CHANNELS
       • FOCUS/DISTANCE OF SPEAKERS OR AUDIENCE
     • PRACTICAL IN NATURE
     • REFLECT WHERE AND WHOM

3. THEORY STEW

   • WHAT KIND OF STEW DEPENDS ON
     • COOK (SCHOLAR)
       • EVERY COOK IS DIFFERENT
         • KIND OF PHENOMENA THAT WILL CAPTURE THEIR INTEREST
         • KINDS OF QUESTIONS THEW WILL ASK ABOUT THE WORLD
         • KINDS OF METHODS THEY WILL USE TO INVESTIGATE
     • RECIPE
       • AXIOLOGY
         • WHAT ROLE DO MY VALUES PLAY IN MY THEORY MAKING?
           • VALUE-FREE
             • MY VALUES HAVE NO ROLE IN RESEARCH
             • I MUST SEPARATE MY VALUES FROM MY RESEARCH
           • VALUE NEUTRAL
             • IT IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR ME TO REALLY KEEP MY VALUES OUT BUT I MUST TRY
             • I WILL GET HELP FROM MY FELLOW RESEARCHERS TO MAKE SURE THAT MY RESEARCH IS NOT TAINTED BY MY VALUES AND OPINION
           • VALUE-LADEN
             • MY VALUES ARE AN IMPORTANT PART OF WHO I AM AND THEY ARE IMPORTANT IN SHAPING MY RESEARCH
       • ONTOLOGY
         • WHAT IS REAL
         • REALIST
           • EVEN IF YOU CAN'T SEE IT, IT IS REAL
           • WHAT IS REAL IS WHAT I CAN SEE, FEEL, SMELL, AND HEAR
           • A TRUTH THAT EXISTS IN THE PHYSICAL WORLD EVEN IF YOU CANNOT PERCEIVE IT
         • SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONIST
           • WHEN DID MICHAEL JACKSON DIE
             • MJ DIED WHEN YOU HEARD THAT MJ DIED
           • WHAT IS REAL IS CREATED THROUGH INTERACTION
       • EPISTEMOLOGY
         • HOW DO I KNOW WHAT I KNOW IS REAL
         • SUBJECTIVIST
           • KNOWLEDGE IS CREATED THROUGH INTERACTION & PARTICIPATION IN RESEARCH
           • KNOWLEDGE IS GAINED WHEN I CAN UNDERSTAND WHAT IS HAPPENING TO AN INDIVIDUAL OR SMALL GROUP
             • AS I INTERACT WITH MY PARTICIPANTS, I WILL UNDERSTAND THEIR WORLD
               • IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS; WANT TO PARTICIPATE
         • OBJECTIVIST
           • KNOWLEDGE IS A RESULT OF CAUSES AND EFFECTS
             • THE KEYS FELL OFF THE DESK BECAUSE I PUSHED THEM OFF THE DESK
           • DO NOT WANT TO INTERACT, WANT TO OBSERVE
             • I CAN PREDICT THAT THIS 20 YEAR OLD FEMALE WILL BE LIKE BECAUSE I HAVE OBSERVED OTHER 20 YEAR OLD FEMALES
       • GOAL
         • WHAT DO I WANT MY THEORY TO DO
           • EXPLAIN, PREDICT, AND CONTROL
             • I WANT TO KNOW WHY/WHAT CASES COMMUNICATION TO HAPPEN THIS WAY
             • IF I KNOW THAT THE CAUSE IS, THEN I CAN PREDICT AND CONTROL HOW THIS TYPE OF COMMUNICATION WILL HAPPEN FOR EVERYBODY
           • UNDERSTAND
             • I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE EXPERIENCE AND REALIZE IT MIGHT BE DIFFERENT FOR EVERYBODY AND THAT'S OKAY WITH ME
         • EMANCIPATE AND TRANSFORM
           • I WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHY COMMUNICATION PRIVILEGES SOME AND OPPRESSES OTHERS
           • I WANT TO TEAR DOWN THE SYSTEMS THAT THIS TYPE OF COMMUNICATION CREATES AND FREE THOSE IT OPPRESSES
   • DEPENDING ON COMBINATION YOU PUT IN THE STEW, YOU WILL GET ONE OF THE THREE SCHOLARS
     • THE EMPIRICIST (POST-POSITIVIST)
       • SCHOLARLY, SCIENCE DUDES
       • REALIST
       • OBJECTIVE
       • VALUE-NEUTRAL (FREE)
     • INTERPRETIVIST
       • HIPPIES; WANT TO EXPERIENCE; SOLELY UNDERSTANDING FOR THEIR OWN BENEFIT
       • CONSTRUCTIONISTS
       • SUBJECTIVE
       • VALUE LADEN
     • CRITICAL SCHOLAR
       • SCOAIL CONTRUCTIONISTS
       • SUBJECTIVE
       • VALUE-LADEN : EMANCIPATORS
       • WANT TO SET YOU FREE; TRANSFORM; HELP EVERYONE
       • "POWER TO THE PEOPLE"

4. EMPIRICIST (POST-POSITIVIST)

   • LOOKING FOR RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN WHY STUFF HAPPENS AND WHO IT HAPPENS TO
   • WE ONLY KNOW THE WORLD THROUGH OBSERVATION
     • VIEW OF HELA
       • HELA IS CELLS USEFUL FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH
   • WE CAN CONTROL OUR BIASES

5. INTERPRETIVISTS

   • BELIEVE THAT THE GOAL OF THEORY IS TO UNDERSTAND THE PARTICULAR EXPERIENCE OF THE PEOPLE WE RESEARCH
     • VIEW OF HELA
       • HENRIETTA WAS A BLACK WOMAN WITH A FAMILY AND CANCER
   • RESEARCH (IMMERSION) COMES FIRST THEN THEORY
   • HAVE TO BE IN TOUCH WITH THEIR BIASES