Airworthiness

Airworthiness

1. ICAO

   • Chicago Convention 1944
     • 180 countries
   • Implementation of international regulation
     • Creating highest practicable degree of uniformity
       • SARPS
         • Standards and recommended practices
     • Article 38
       • States required to provide notification if differences exist between national practice and ICAO standard
   • Not legally binding

2. Aviation Safety Regulations

   • Lessons learned
     • Human Factors
     • Information flow
     • Lessons learned
     • Accident precursors
   • Four generic areas/aspects
     • Airworthiness
     • Flight operations
     • Air traffic control
     • Aerodrome standards
   • EASA
     • Regulation 216/2008
       • Annex 1 - essential requirements for airworthiness
         • Product integrity compliance
           • All anticipated flying conditions for operation life
           • Shown by assessment or analysis supported where necessary by tests
             • Continuing airworthiness
               • Part 66 license
               • Maintenence
                 • Different levels of checks
                 • Reasons for
                 • Errors
                   • Circumstances likely to occur
                   • Management of
                     • 2 components
                       • Error reduction
                       • Error containment
                 • Programs
                   • Block
                   • Equalised
                 • Processes affecting condition and integrity
                   • Block system
                   • Equallised system
             • Structures and materials
               • Aircraft materials
                 • Fatigue failure prevention
                   • Metal in aircraft structures
                 • Composites
                   • Advantages
                   • Potential safety concerns
             • Propulsion
             • Systems and equipment
               • Aircraft system safety assessment (ICAO 19)
                 • Accidents
                   • Risk
                     • Inverse relationship between probability v severity must exist
                     • Product of likelihood of hazard and its consequence
                 • Major event
                   • Acceptable Frequency
                     • <10-5 per flight hour
                   • Examples
                     • Failure to extend flaps
                     • Loss of rudder
                 • Hazardous event
                   • Acceptable Frequency
                     • <10-7 per flight hour
                       • extremely remote
                   • Examples
                 • Catastrophic
                   • Criterion
                     • Extremely improbable
                       • 10-9 per flight hour
                     • Not resulting from single failure
                   • Real life example
                     • Loss of pitch control
                     • Uncommanded extension of flaps
                     • Loss of all displays
                 • Objective
                   • No increase in risk of accidents caused by system failures
                 • Steps to an SMS
                   • Collect
                   • Analyse
                   • Action
                   • Document
                   • Monitor
       • Annex 3 - pilot licensing
       • Annex 4 - air operations
     • Regulation 1321/2014 - Annex 1 part M
     • Regulation 748/2012 (Annex 1 part 21)- implementing rules
       • Aircraft certification
         • Design codes
           • Certification specification
             • Acceptable means of compliance
             • CS. 25
               • CS 25.1309
               • Large aeroplanes
             • CS. 23
               • Normal, utility, aerobatic and commuter
             • CS. 22
               • Sailplanes/Powered sailpanes
             • Advisory - not strictly legally binding
             • Guidance material
         • Process
           • Aeronautical products
         • Type design
         • Free from flutter - safety margin
         • Tests?
     • Legally binding
   • JAR
   • CAA
     • BCARs
       • British Civil Airworthiness Requirements

3. Documentation

   • Special condition
     • Raised in design phase
       • If related airworthiness code does not contain adequate safety standards for product
         • raises safety of product to an equivalent to that established in the applicable airworthiness code
   • Certificate of airworthiness
     • Raised as part of aircraft certification
       • granted to a particular aircraft
         • Aircraft type certified/modifications approved/aircraft in fit condition to operate
   • Airworthiness directive
     • Raised during operation
       • From the regulator which mandates actions to be performed to restore acceptable level of safety
   • Type certificate
     • Granted to design of aircraft
       • Compliance with certification basis shown
   • Permit to fly
   • Certificate of release to service
     • Avionics systems maintenance
   • Airworthiness review certificate
     • 3 years
     • Validates non-expiring CofA
   • Minimum equipment list
     • Covers systems in revenue generating option
   • Configuration deviation list?
     • Covers airframe damage or shortfall
   • Air operator certificate
     • granted to allow public transport flights

4. Aircraft operation

   • Aircraft Speeds
     • Stalling
     • Take-off
     • Flying speeds
   • Declared distances
   • C.G position/stability
   • Ice/snow/frost

5. "Aircraft must conform to its type design and must be in a condition for safe operation"