ESL Approaches

ESL Approaches

1. Grammatical. Teacher-centered. Emphasis on the rules and structure of target language.

   • Grammar Translation (Historical)
     • More emphasis on development of reading, writing and grammar
     • Less emphasis on oral language development
     • Rules of grammar are taught hollistically
   • Direct (Historical)
     • Focus on total immersion in L2
     • No use of L1 allowed in the classroom
     • Involves an open-ended response to materials the teacher brings into the classroom
     • STRATEGIES: Drill and Practice Rotate Memorization Dialogue Memorization Repetition Mnemonics Kinetics
   • Audiolingual (Historical)
     • Grammar structures are carefully sequenced and taught
     • Minimal use of L1
     • Emphasis error correction, drills and repetitive practice
   • Methods
   • Techniques: Dialogue Memorization, Repetition, Mnemonics, Kinetics

2. Communicative. Student-centered. Emphasis on communication and meaningful acquisition of knowledge.

   • Techniques: Reduced use of idioms, manipulatives and realia, Stimulations/big books, Heterogeneous grouping
   • Methods
     • Silent Way (Historical)
       • Teacher Modeling/Talk
       • Reinforcement thru repetition/signals
       • Seldom content-based
     • Natural Way (Historical)
       • Stresses Comprehensible Input
       • Minimal Error Correction/production
       • Acceptance of students' L1
       • Not necessarily content-based
     • Suggestopedia (Historical)
       • Emphasis on relaxed physical setting
       • Minimal Error Correction
       • Use of L1 for explanations
       • Not necessarily Content Based
     • Sheltered Instruction (SIOP) (Contemporary)
       • Grade-level modification curriculum
       • Scaffolded Instruction
       • Visuals, Cooperative Learning, Guarded Vocabulary
       • Strategy: Scaffolding, Guarded Vocabulary
     • Integrated Content-Based (ICB) (Contemporary)
       • Emphasizes L2 Development
       • Focus on content and language integration
       • Subject area integrated into thematic units
   • Common Strategies for SIOP and ICB and CALLA: Cooperative Learning, Build on Prior Knowledge, Hands-on activities, Use of Visuals

3. Cognitive. Learner-centered. Focus on explicit teaching of learning strategies (LS) in communicative ways.

   • Method
     • Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA)
       • Developmentally appropriate language instruction
       • Intentional focus on CALP
       • Focus on prior knowledge
       • Explicit Instruction in the following learning strategies: Metacognitive, Cognitive,. Social/affective
   • Techniques: *KWL Chart, Questioning, *Word Walls, *Outlines (*Techniques used also in SIOP method)

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