Zusammenfassung der Ressource
Case Studies
- VOLCANOES
- Mt Sait Helens
(1980) USA
- Cause
- Jaun De Fuca plate and North
American plate
- Melting due to subduction-
DESTRUCTIVE plate
boundary
- GDP per capita = $52,403
- Primary Effects
- 50 DEATHS & 200
HOUSES DESTROYED
- 12 bridges washed away-
Lahars & Pyroclastic flow
- Pyroclastic flow went 25Km2
North of Volcao
- 7000 Game Animals died-
bad for local economy
- Spirit Lake was filled
with ash and timber
- Secondary Effects
- Shipping Halted in Columbian river
for 60km- mud flow and log jams
- Air Traffic Halted in Yakima
for 2 weeks (ash)
- 12% of Fruit Crops destroyed
- 250km of salmon farms destroyed
- Steep Decline in tourism
- Immediate
Response
- 20km exclusion zone
before eruption
- Coastguard search
and rescue helicopters
- Clear ash from roads- intersect
90 closed for 1 week
- Declared 'state of
emergancy' by president-
FEMA response
- Long-Term Response
- Creation of Mt. St.
Helens volcano
observatory (USGS)
- Rebuild roads
and bridges
- 185 miles of Highway
- Dredge Rivers- Army Corps. 7 years
- 10 million
trees replanted
- Total Cost- $1bn
- Eldfell Volcano,
Heimaey Iceland
- Causes
- Rifting due to convection
at constructive plate
boundary
- Eurasian and North
American Plates
- GDP per capita = $34,820
- Primary Effects
- Power and Water supply lost due
to damage to undersea cable
- No deaths
- 70 houses/farms buried, 300 burned
- Ash covered whole settlement
so everyone was evacuated
- Long Term Response
- Rebuilt roads, houses and the
Airstrip was extended due to
land creation by hardened lava
- Free heating for residents due
to underground lava (1982)
- Tourism Benefit- new volcano
(eldfell- 212m high)
- Immediate Responses
- Iceland Government acted fast,
evacuation within 6 hours
- 5300 people evacuated
- Harbour Fishing boats
used to evacuate
- First ever pump cooling system
to cool and stop pyroclastic flow
- From USA- pumped
1000 litres/second
- Secondary Effects
- Fishing Disrupted for 7
months- Icelands most
important fishing harbour
- Disruption to peoples lives- 50%
moved back by 1974, 80% by 1975
- Total Cost of damage- $50
million (10% of total GDP)
- Nevado Del Ruiz
(Columbia) 1985
- Immediate Responses
- Columbian Government ignored
early warning signs
- Weak attempts to warn... Evacuated
same day as eruption
- Major international relief/rescue
effort (including Mexico City)
- 4000 workers there within a week from
USA and 24 other nations sent help
- Primary Effects
- 23,000 dead, 5000 injured
- 5000 homes destroyed,
destroyed 13 villiages
- 60% of the regions livestock destroyed
- Highway damaged (delayed
relief/rescue efforts by 12 hours)
- Other roads, power, telephone
lines destroyed- area isolated
- Long Term Response
- Columbia now has a warning
system (DPAD)
- Amero is now a memorial
(30,000+ tourists each year
- Causes
- Magma forming due to subduction at
destructive plate boundary
- Nazca Plate (oceanic) & South
American Plate (continental)
- GDP per capita of = $10,000
- Secondary Effects
- Farming (20% Col. Rice & Cotton
producing area) severley affected
- Disruption to people, 8000
people had to be relocated
- Total Cost of damage- $1bn
- 20% of $5bn GDP in 1985
- EARTHQUAKES
- Kobe, Japan
(1995)
- Causes
- Friction due to SUBDUCTION at
destructive plate boundary
- Philippine Plate (oceanic) &
Eurasian Plate (continental)
- 7.2 on richter scale
- Epicentre 20km from Kobe
- GDP per capita = $44,900
- Primary Effects
- 6,434 deaths with 40,000 injured
- 200,000 buildings collapsed
- 1km section of Hashin
Expressway collapsed
- Bridges collapsed on the
130km bullet train route
- 120 quays out of 150 in the port were
destroyed due to LIQUEFACTION
- Secondary Effects
- 230,000 homeless
- Fires caused by gas
leaks destroyed 7,500
houses over 3 days
- Major factories closed
(Mitsabushi, Panasonic)
- Did it contribute to
the lost decade?
- Immediate Response
- S&R by fire department plus international
teams (thermal imaging +dogs)
- School gyms open and open parks
used as emergency shelters
- Not enough blankets, food and water
(help requested by governmnet
- Long-Term Responses
- Water, gas and power restored by
July + important buildings repared
- Rail service back
by august
- Total Cost of damage- $220bn
- Port 80% working after 1 year
- Port 80% working after 1 year,
Hansin still closed in 1996
- More strict building code
- Frames, Foundations, 8 storey limit
- Haiti 2010
- Cause
- Friction between North American
and Caribbean Plates-
Conservative plate boundary
- 7.0 on richter scale
- Epicentre 13km from Port Au Prince
- GDP per capita = $700
- Primary Effects
- 230,000+ deaths, 300,000 injured
- 250,000 homes collapsed along with 30,000 other buildings
- Port destroyed, airport control tower damaged (only one runway)
- Secondary Effects
- 1 million+ homeless, living in streets/shelters/camps
- 2 million without food or water (damaged roads slowed aid)
- Textile industry affected (factories damaged, no power/workers)
- Cholera outbreaks in 2011 kills
800 (dirty water, no medicine)
- Immediate Response
- International rescue teams
took 48 hours to arrive
- US army took over airport- sent
ships, helicopters and 10,000 troops
- Locals digging out victims
with bear hands/basic tools
- UN/aid agencies/charities bringing
water, tents, food, medicine
- 235,000 people move from Port Au
Prince to less damaged areas
- Long-Term Response
- 250,000 people still living in camps in 2012
- Rebuild Port Au Prince (will cost billions
and take years) + build Port
- Improve building standards, roads, power
and water systems
- Tsunami
- Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004
- causes
- Indo Australian &
Eurasian Plates
- Destructive plate boundary
- 9.0 on richter scale
- 60km off coast (Aceh
province, Indonesia
- GDP per capita:
India- $1,420
Indonesia- $2,940
Sri Lanka- $5,582
- Primary Effects
- 12m high wave swept 2km
inland inland in Aceh
- Causing 100,000 deaths
- 275,000+ deaths in total
- 160,000 missing
- 80% of Aceh province totally destroyed;
Towns, villages and roads
- Tai beaches hit in 30 mins
- Somalia (4000km) away 300 were killed
- Long-Term Responses
- Cash for Work programme
(60-70% of fisherman back to
work within a year
- Lampuk (Indonesia) rebuilt
- 700 houses- $1 million from
Red Crescent
- Warning buoys in Indian Ocean
- $20 million, UNESCO + 27 countries
- Thailand hopes to warn within 20 mins
(TV, radio, text, sirens)
- Immediate Responses
- Volunteers in Thailand help
tourists search for relatives
- Rapid response (few secondary deaths as a
result) due to armies (helicopters) and
Charties
- $1.3 people received food aid from UN and WFP
- Oxfam and Unicef provided temporary schools
and uniforms for 500,000 children
- $13bn aid promised (UN DEC appeal)
but only half given/spent
- Secondary Effects
- 2 million people homeless
- 1 million jobs lost
- Fishing and Tourist related (indonesia,
Thailand and Sri Lanka
- 64,000 hectares of farmland
damaged/contaminated (Thailand
and Sri Lanka
- Drop in Tourist income in Thailand and
Sri Lanka (6% of GDP)