Vertebrates

Vertebrates

1. Bonny ray-finned fish

   • Scales which are bony plates in the skin
   • Gills covered by an operculum, with one gill slit
   • No limbs
   • Fins supported by rays
   • Eggs and sperm released for external fertilization
   • Remain in water throughout their life cycle
   • Swim bladder containing gas for buoyancy
   • Do not maintain constant body temperature

2. Amphibians

   • Soft moist skin permeable to water and gases
   • Simple lungs with small folds and moist skin for gas exchange
   • Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs
   • For legs when adult
   • Eggs and sperm released for external fertilization
   • Larval stage that lives in water and adult that usually lives on land
   • Eggs coated in protective jelly
   • Do not maintain constant body temp.

3. Reptiles

   • Impermeable skin cover in scales of keratin
   • Lungs with extensive folding to increase the surface area
   • Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs
   • Four legs (in most species)
   • Sperm passed into the female for internal fertilization
   • Female lays eggs with soft shells
   • Teeth all one type, with no living parts
   • Do not maintain constant body temperature

4. Birds

   • Skin with feathers made of keratin
   • Lungs with para-bronchial tubes, ventilated using air sacs
   • Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs
   • Two legs and two wings
   • Sperm passed into the female for internal fertilization
   • Female lays eggs with hard eggs
   • Beak but no teeth
   • Maintain constant body temperature

5. Mammals

   • Skin has follicles with hair made of keratin
   • Lungs with alveoli, ventilated using ribs and a diaphragm
   • Tetrapods with pentadactyl limbs
   • Four legs in most (or two legs and two wings/arms)
   • Sperm passed into the female for internal fertilization
   • Most give birth to live young and all freed young with milk from mammary glands
   • Maintain constant body temperature

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