Second Language Acquisition

Input Hypothesis
1. Stephen Krashen (1985)
2. Belief that everyone learns language the same way
3. Comprehensible input is the understanding of basic messages
4. Example: Teaching a lesson with visuals and hand signals is more effective than immersing students in a language completely.
BICS v CALP
1. Jim Cummins (1987)
2. BICS: Basic interpersonal communicative skills; language typically acquired by young children, small aspect of language for conversational use
  1. The way people speak conversationally in social situations.
3. CALP: Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency; referring to formal academic learning and the skills associated with it (synthesizing, comparing, classifying, etic.
  1. The application of language in an academic setting. Having students to eventually be able to write an essay or complete a project.
Universal Grammar
1. All human grammar rests on innate building blocks. All languages have basic verbs, nouns, adjectives, etc., the uses change in the different languages
  1. English does not give various verbs and nouns gender, while languages such as spanish and French do.
2. Noam Chomsky
The Critical Period Hypothesis
1. Eric Lennegerg (1967)
2. A second language is best learned between the ages of 2 and puberty. The ability to learn language is negatively affected by the completion of process of lateralization
  1. Example: Teaching children Spanish in 2nd grade.
The Monitor Hypothesis
1. Krashen & Terrell (1983)
2. They stated that acquisition is key for language development. Formal rules are not emphasized very much and monitors help ELLs to reflect on the formal rules of language writing.
  1. Example: Having an ESL teacher to review ELL student work before turning it in to ensure that formal writing rules are followed and to help explain them if needed.

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Second Language Acquisition

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