14. Second language acquisition/learning

14. Second language acquisition/learning

1. second language learning = the process of developing ability in another language after L1 acquisition

   • learning = the conscious process of accumulating knowledge

2. grammar-translation method = the traditional form of language teaching, with vocabulary lists and sets of grammar rules

3. audiolingual method = a mid-twentieth-century approach to language teaching, with repetitive drills used to developed fluent spoken language as a set of habits

4. communicative approaches = approaches to language teaching that are based on learning through using language rather than leaning about language

5. transfer = using sounds, expressions and structures from the L1 while performing in an L2

   • positive transfer = the use of a feature from the L1 that is similar to the L2 while performing in L2
   • negative transfer = the use of a feature from the L1, that is very different from the L2, while performing in the L2

6. interlanguage = the interim system of L2 learners, which has some features of the L1 and L2 plus some that are independent of the L1 and the L2

7. fossilization = the process whereby an interlanguage, containing many non-L2 features, stops developing toward more accurate forms of the L2

8. integrative motivation = the desire to learn an L2 in order to take part in the social life of the community of L2-users

9. instrumental motivation = the desire to learn L2, not to join the community of L2-users, but to achieve some other goal

10. input & output

    • input = the language that an acquirer/learner is exposed to
      • negotiated input = L2 material that an acquirer/learner is exposed to when active attention is drawn to that material during interaction in the L2
    • output = the language produced by an acquirer/learner

11. communicative competence = the general ability to use languae accurately, appropriately and flexibility

    • grammatical competence = the ability to use words and structures accurately as part of communicative competence
    • sociolinguistic competence = the ability to use language appropriately according to the social context as part of communicative competence
    • strategic competence = the ability to use language to organize effective messages and to overcome potential communication problems as part of communicative competence
      • communicative strategy = a way of overcoming a gap between communicative intent and a limited ability to express that intent, as a part of strategic competence

12. applied linguistics = the study of a large range of pracical issues involving language in general and second language learning in particular