Chapter 7

Chapter 7

1. Adapting

   • Simple learning mechanisms
     • Habituation
       • a decrease in the strenth of response to a repeated stimulus
     • Sensitization
       • increase in the strenth of response to a repeated stimuli
   • Adaptive brain
     • "Learns new info by altering the connections between different neurons"
       • The hebb rule
         • changes in nerve cell strengh caused by concurrent activity across a connection/synaps   Donald Hebb
       • Neural network models
         • learn new info through changes in the connections between mathematically simulated neurons
     • Learning skills
       • Cerebellum - classic condiiton
       • Hypothalamus - experience reward
       • Frontal lobe - decisions & planning
       • Sensory stim on brain
       • Offline learning/consolidaiton
         • improve skills while not practicing them atm
   • Personal adaption
     • response to environmental stimuli
     • Some alike
       • - some elements are important to survival -  what stimuli signal that an important event is about to occur - whether response have positive/negative effects

2. Classical conditioning

   • change in behaviour in response to associations between stimuli
   • Pavlov
   • Unconditioned stimlulus/respons
     • *** 273
     • Conditioned stimulus/response
       • - strongest when no repeated pairings - usc is more intense - forward pairing - short between cs usc
       • One-trial
         • Forward pairing
           • Simultanous p
             • Backward p
           • Forward short-delay p
           • Forward trace p
       • Extinction
         • stop getting the usc and won't feel it anymore
         • Extinction trial
       • Spontaneous recovery
         • reappearence - after rest period without new learning trials
         • Often weaker than orignal
         • Discrimination
           • prevents constant stimuli generalisation - 
           • /Stimulus generalization
   • Higher-order conditioning
     • neutral becomes cs by former cs
   • Applications
     • Exposure therapies
       • Systematic desensitization
       • Flooding
     • Aversion therapy
       • decrease our arousal/attraction to stimuli
     • USC sickness/health
       • Allergic reaction
         • even if fake
       • Anticipatory nousea & vomiting
         • after radiation conditioning response
       • The immune system
         • can help fight disease
   • Rescorla-Wagner theory
     • strenth of conditioning depending on surprise level
     • Latent inhibition
       • no surprise level slowed it down ?? p300
       • Attentional theories of classical conditioning
         • state that the strenght of conditioning is determined by the attention paid during learning

3. Operant conditioning

   • how we learn new patterns/behaviours
   • The law of effect
     • consequence decides
     • Thorndikes
       • Instrumental learning
   • Skinners box
     • chamber for operant conditioning
     • - Reinforcement
       • strenthened by outcome
       • Positive reinforcement
         • positive response makes you do it more frequently
         • Primary reinforcers
           • stimuli that we find naturally biologically reinforcing
           • Secondary /conditioned) reinforcers
             • acquired bc of primary reinforcers money work for example
         • Negative reinforcement
           • strenghtened response by the subsquent removal of aversive stimulus
       • Schedules of R
         • Continuous r
           • every response of a typical type is reinforced
         • Partial r
           • only a portion of the responses of a partiular type is reinforced
         • m**289
     • - Punishment
       • response weakened by outcome
       • Aversive punsihment
         • corporal punishment for example also called positive punishment
       • Response cost
         • removal of stimuli also called negative conditioning
   • Difference
     • new behaviours are learned in response to particular stimuli classic work on already established responses
   • Discriminative stimulus
     • set the occasion for the operant conditioning
     • Generalization & discriminaiton
     • Stimuli control
       • inspired by discriminative stimuli
   • Operant extinction
     • resistance to extinction abandom things that won't pay off
   • Shaping
     • successive approximations towards a final response reinforce only when he does that--then that
     • Chaining
       • develop chain of responses by reinforcing each response with opportunity to perform next
   • Escape conditioning
     • Avoidence conditioning
       • Two factor theory of avoidence learning

4. Observational learning

   • Learning
     • process by experience - enduring adaptive change in behaviour - change capacity
   • Self-efficacy
   • /modeling
     • Bandura's modeling
       • 1. Attention
       • 2. Retention
       • 3. Reproduction
       • 4. Motivation
   • Applications
     • Education
     • Media influence
       • blood donations for example

5. Challanges behaviourism

   • - Biology and evolution
     • can't learn everything - evolution effect our ability
     • Preparedness
       • biologically learned to fear certain things
     • Conditioned taste aversion
       • food makes u sick - conditioned response to smell taste
   • - Cognition and conditioning
     • Insight
     • Cognitive maps
     • Latent learning
       • learning that occurs but isn't demonstrated until later
     • Blocking
       • obstruction of the conditioning of a cr - bc response been conditioned to different stimuli
   • - Social cognitive theory
     • learn by observing the behaviour of models