Mindmap

Homeostasis and response

Fxxxxxx Hxxxx Rxxxxx Biology GCSE Englisch

Inhalt der Mindmap

Nervous system
- Role of the ears
  - Allows us to balance as there are balance receptors in the ears
- Role of synapse
  - Electrical impulses are converted to chemical messengers that diffuses across the synapse and binds to the next neurone which is then continued in the next neurone
Brain
- Cerebral cortex
  - Intelligence and memory
  - Cerebellum
    - Motor coordination such as balance and movement
    - Medulla
      - Unconscious activities such as breathing and heart beat
      - Hypothalamus
        Thermal regulation
        Pituitary gland
        Releases hormones
- Investigating the brain
  - MRI scan
    - Magnetic Resonance Imaging and its a machine that maps the brain and produces an image to inform us about damage 
    - Electrical stimulation
      - Electrically stimulating one part of the brain and observe the reaction of the patient
      - Patients with brain damage
        When there's damage to one part of the brain, we can associate the loss of function with that part of the brain 
- Why is investigating brain disorders difficult
  - Brain
    - Very delicate and contains billions of neurones and if damaged we don't know which part of the brain it will damage
    - Skull
      - Access to the brain is difficult
Eye
- Sclera
  - Cornea
    - A transparent layer that lets light through and starts the focussing of the light rays
    - Pupil
      - A hole that lets light through to hit the lens
      - Iris
        Gives the colour of the eye and has ciliary muscles to control the diameter of the pupil
        Lens
        A convex converging lens that refracts and focuses light onto the retina
        Suspensory ligaments
        Works with the ciliary muscles to control the diameter of the pupil
        Ciliary muscles
        Controls the diameter of the pupil
        Retina
        At the back of the eye and contains light receptors to detect light
        Optic nerve
        Carries the electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS
- Iris Reflex
  - Bright light
    - Radial muscles relax Circular muscles contract Diameter of pupil constricts Less light enters
    - Dim light
      - Radial muscles contract circular muscles relax Diameter of pupil dilates More light enters the eye
- Accomodation
  - Object is close
    - Ciliary muscles contract Suspensory ligaments slack Lens is more curved Light is refracted more
    - Object is far
      - Ciliary muscles relax Suspensory ligaments tightens Lens is less curved Light is refracted less
- Myopia
  - Near sightedness Light focuses in front of the retina
  - Cause
    - Length of eyeball is too long Lens is very curved so light is refracted too much
    - Vision
      - See close objects but not far objects
      - Treatment
        Diverging concave lens Laser eye surgery to make lens less curved by removing part of the eye
- Hyperopia
  - Far sightedness Light focuses beyond the retina
  - Cause
    - Length of eyeball is too short Lens isn't curved enough so light isn't refracted enough
    - Vision
      - Can see far objects but not close ones
      - Treatment
        Converging convex lens
- Eye treatments
  - contact lenses
    - Good
      - Lightweight Invisible Used during sports
      - Bad
        Risk of eye infections
  - Laser surgery
    - Good
      - Can complete vision accurately
      - Bad
        Risk of surgery Risk of infection Can permenantly damage the eye
  - Artificial lens
    - Good
      - No need for glasses or contact lenses
      - Bad
        Potential damage to the retina Risk of surgery Risk of infection
Body temperature
- Body is too hot
  - Blood
    - Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries dilate so more blood flows to the skin and more heat is lost
    - Sweat glands
      - Releases more sweat to cool the body by evaporating water off the skin
      - Hairs
        Hairs lie flat, decreasing the insulation effect
- Body is too cold
  - Blood
    - Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries constrict reducing the flow of blood to the skin so less heat is lost
    - Muslces
      - Muscles may shiver and contract to release more heat as increased respiration releases more heat
      - Hairs
        Hairs erect and stand on the end, trapping a warm layer of air and increasing the insulation effect
- Human body temperature
Blood glucose concentration
- Where is glucose monitored
  - Pancreas
- High blood glucose concentration
  - Pancreas detects it and produces and releases insulin that takes glucose from the blood to the cells. glucose is then converted to glycogen in the muscles and liver and is used in respiration causing it to decrease
- Low blood glucose concentration
  - Pancreas releases glucagon which is broken glucose and this happens in the liver where glucose will move back into our blood
- Type 2 diabetes
  - Body cells no longer respond to insulin because the immune system attacks it 
  - Treatment
    - More exercise Eat less carbohydrates and less sugars
- Type 1 diabetes
  - Pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin
  - Treatment
    - Injecting insulin More exercise Eat less carbohydrates and less sugars
- Negative feedback
  - When it's high, insulin is produced lowering the concentration but when it's low, glucagon is released increasing the concentration
- Use of stem cells
  - Good
    - Can be used to make insulin producing cells
    - Bad
      - Can't cure type 2 which affects more people because no matter how much insulin is produced, the immune system will attack it and stem cells divide a lot and can cause cancer
Maintaining water balance
- How to increase water levels
  - Drinking more water
  - How is water lost
    - Sweating Urine
- What do kidneys filter from the blood
  - Water Salts Glucose Urea
  - What do kidneys reabsorb
    - Some water All glucose Some salts depending on needs of the body No urea
- What does urine contain
  - Water Urea Salts
  - What is concentrated
    - Less water
    - What is dilute
      - Lots of water
      - what does urine concentration depend on
        External temperatures Exercise Intake of water
- Glucose
  - Entering kidney
    - Present
    - Leaving kidney
      - Kidney filtrate
        Urine
        not present If present, patient is diabetic
- Protein
- Water
- Mineral ions
- ADH
  - Anti diuretic hormone that controls the volume of water in the urine and helps the kidneys reabsorb water
  - Hypothalamus
    - Detects less water in the blood
    - Pituitary glands
      - Releases more ADH
      - Tubules
        ADH acts on walls of the kidneys and inserts water channels 
        Kidneys
        Reabsorbs more water so water levels increase 
- Kidney transplant
  - Process
    - Good
      - Better quality of life Diet is less restricted Cheaper for NHS overall Permanent treatment Concentration of substances is normal
      - Bad
        Immune suppressant drugs for life Shortage of donors Only last for 8-9 years Risk of infection risk of rejection
- Dialysis
  - Process
    - The dialysis acts as an artificial kidney and blood is taken which is high in urea and the concentration of substances will change so that there is less urea, and glucose, water and ions depending on the needs of the body
    - Good
      - Available to all patients No immune suppressant drugs No rejection short term treatment
      - Bad
        Expensive for NHS Expensive machinery Takes long so impacts lifestyle Salt and protein intake must be limited Keep puncturing skin which increases infection and blood clotting
Endocrine system
- Pituitary gland
  - ADH
    - Helps reabsorb more water back into the kidney 
  - FSH
    - Matures the egg and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
  - LH
    - stimulates egg to be released   
  - TSH
    - Stimulates the thyroid gland to make and release thyroxine to control the rate of metabolism
- Thyroid gland
  - Thyroxine
    - Controls the metabolic rate of the body
- Ovaries
  - Oestrogen
    - Develops the lining of the uterus
  - Progesterone
    - Made in the ovaries and completes the development of the uterus and promotes glycogen storage
- Testis
  - Testosterone
    - Produces sperm cells
- Pancreas
  - Insulin
    - Decreases the level of glucose in the body
  - Glucagon
    - Increases blood glucose concentration
- Adrenal glands
  - Adrenaline
    - Prepares the body for stressful situations 'flight or fight' response
Plant hormones
- Auxin
  - Phototropism
    - Auxin made in the tip of shoot Moves down by diffusion Builds up on the shaded side Causes cells to elongate Cells on shaded side grow faster Shoot bends towards light
  - Geotropism
    - Auxin made in tip of root Builds on bottom side Causes cells to grow slower Cells on top grow faster Root bends towards direction of gravity
Contraception and infertility
Definitions
- Nervous system
  - Consists of the brain and spinal cord and allows us to react to what goes on around us
- Stimulus
  - A change in the environment
- Neurones
  - Specialised cells that use electrical impulses to pass information around the body
- Receptors
  - Detect a stimuli and converts the stimulus into an electrical impulse
- Sensory
  - Carries impulses from the receptors to the CNS
- Relay
  - Carries impulses from one part of the CNS to another
- Motor
  - Carries impulses from the CNS to the effectors
- Effectors
  - Muscles or glands which carry out a response 
- Synapse
  - A gap between two neurones
- Reflex action
  - An involuntary and automatic response and doesn't involve the conscious part of the brain so prevents danger
- Accomodation
  - Accommodation is the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects
- Vasodilation
  - The blood vessels dilate
- Vasoconstriction
  - Blood vessels constrict
- Negative feedback
  - When any change away from the normal is reversed back to normal
- ADH
  - Anti-diuretic hormone 
- Homeostasis
  - The regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes.
- Eye
  - The eye is a sense organ containing receptors sensitive to light intensity and colour
- Hormone
  - A chemical messenger
- Positive tropism
  - Growth towards a stimulus
- Negative tropism
  - Growth away from a stimulus
- Phototropism
  - Growth in response to light
- Geotropism
  - Growth in response to gravity
Menstural cycle
- 1-7
  - Called menstural bleeding and lining of uterus breaks down LH is low because egg isn't matured
  - 7-13
    - Lining of uterus starts to build up again  Oestrogen is released Egg starts to mature FSH is released
    - 14
      - Egg is released LH is released concentration of FSH decreases
      - 14-17
        Egg is ready to be fertilised Concentration of LH decreases
        18-28
        If egg is not fertilised, lining of uterus will break down
        cycle repeats

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Beschreibung: GCSE Biology Mindmap am Homeostasis and response, erstellt von Fxxxxxx Hxxxx Rxxxxx am 26/10/2019.
Erstellt von: Fxxxxxx Hxxxx Rxxxxx · Okt 2019
Aktualisiert: 7 Nov 2019
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Homeostasis and response

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