cancer

cancer

1. effects of smoking on health

   • Smoking causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
   • Smoking also increases risk for tuberculosis, certain eye diseases, and problems of the immune system, including rheumatoid arthritis
   • the smoker's cough
     • causes
       • Defective cilia. Toxins enter the lungs. Inflammation. Coughing.
     • Signs & Symptoms
       • Dry cough in early stages. Phlegmic in later stages. Crackling breathing sound. Chest pain. Shortness of breath. Wheezing. Sore throat.
     • Treatment & Management
       • Quit Smoking. Stay hydrated. Honey with warm water. Use steam or a humidifier.

2. types of cancer

   • etiology
   • common types
     • Bladder cancer/Breast cancer/Colon and rectal cancer/Endometrial cancer/Kidney cancer/Skin cancer

3. Risk Factors for Malignancy

   • Controllable
     • Alcohol and Tobacco smoke/ Cancer-causing substances/sunlight and radiations/ Obesity
   • Uncontrollable
     • Age/Family History

4. Investigations for cancer

   • History taking
     • Will help in differential diagnosis + in planning a treatment regimen.
   • Laboratory tests and  imaging tests
     • 1. CTC test: This diagnostic test helps capture, identify and count circulating tumor cells in a blood sample.
     • 2. CBC Level of WBC's in leukemia.
     • 3. test to check the presence of tumor markers: Tumor markers are substances in the body that are produced in much higher quantities when cancer or certain benign conditions are present.
   • Types of biopsies
   • Pathology report
     • components
       • Identifying information like name, age, gender etc. Gross description like the size, color, shape, and what it feels like. Microscopic description compared to the normal cells. Grade- comparison to healthy cells

5. tumor markers

   • A substance present in or produced by a tumor or by the tumor’s host in response to the tumor’s presence.
   • Detected in various body fluids and on the surface of cancer cells
   • Used for: 1) screening, 2) differential diagnosis of symptomatic patients, 3) clinical staging of cancer and 4) estimate tumor volume.
   • Should be highly sensitive and specific
   • Can be: 1) serum/tissue proteins, 2) receptors, 3) carbohydrate markers, 4) hormones, 5) enzymes, and 6) oncofetal antigens.
   • Most tumor markers are present in normal, benign and cancer tissues and are not specific enough to be used for screening cancer.

6. Associated symptoms of Cancer

7. Neoplasia, tumor and cancer

8. Benign Vs. Malignant tumors

9. Molecular Basis of Cancer

10. Epidemiology of Cancer

    • In the UAE, approximately 4,500 new cases of cancer are reported in a year/ In 2012, cancer was the third leading cause of deaths in Abu Dhabi.

11. types of lung cancer

    • Small cell lung cancer
      • “oat-cell” cancer because the cells look like oats under the microscope
      • It often starts in the bronchi, then quickly grows and spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes.
      • This type of lung cancer represents fewer than 20 percent of lung cancers and is typically caused by tobacco smoking.
      • divided into two types: Small cell carcinoma Combined small cell carcinoma
      • This type of lung cancer tends to grow and spread faster than NSCLC
    • Non-small cell lung cancer
      • most common type of lung cancer
      • it develops slowly and causes few or no symptoms
      • types

12. Treatment of lung  cancer

    • Surgery
    • Chemotherapy
    • Radiotherapy
    • -Targeted drug therapy
    • immunotherapy

13. Routes of treatment

    • Radiotherapy
      • Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells
    • surgeries
      • Curative surgery - Preventive surgery - Staging surgery - Debulking surgery - Palliative surgery - Restorative surgery

14. cancer management

    • Chemotherapy
      • a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
    • radiotherapy
      • is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors
    • New modality of treating cancer

15. Psychological effect for cancer patients

    • The diagnosis of cancer and cancer treatment can cause distress, emotional turmoil and different psychosocial disorders.

16. Metastasis (lymphatic, blood, bones and brain

    • 2 types of lung metastasis: Local metastasis -- Distant metastasis
    • steps: Tumor establishment/Vascular invasion/Extravasation/Creation of the distant metastatic focus

17. Awareness and Cancer Prevention

18. Palliative care

    • Specialized medical care for people living with a serious illness. This type of care is focused on providing relief from the symptoms and stress of the illness.

19. How does cancer cause death

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