memory 1

memory 1

1. WMM

   • Central Executive
     • limited capacity
     • Functions:
       • Decides what working memory pays attention to
       • involved in problem solving and decision making
       • allocates resources to the slave systems depending on tasks
       • Setting task goals
       • co- ordinating
       • Switching attention between tasks
   • Phonological loop
     • Limited capacity
       • 2 seconds
     • deals with auditory information and preserves word order
     • Articulatory control process- allows maintenance rehearsal
   • Visuo- spatial sketch pad
     • Visual= what things look like
     • Spatial= relationships between things
     • Limited capacity= 3-4 objects
   • Episodic Buffer
     • Baddley added this as he realised the model needed more general store
     • Slave system deals with specific types of information
     • Extra storage system,as central executive has no storage capacity
   • Evaluation
     • Strengths
       • K.F. = Problem with recall of words, shows the phonological loop was damage, however he was fine with visual information
       • brain imaging studies suggest that components of working memory are related to different of the brain
         • Pro-frontal cortex= activity in pro-frontal cortex when the central executive is working
         • Occipital loop= becomes active during tasks which require the visuo- spatial sketchpad
     • Weaknesses
       • Only focuses on STM
       • The role played by the central executive remains slightly unclear

2. MSM

   • Sensory Register
     • Info from the enviroment is recieved here
       • 5 stores for the senses
       • Function: sift through incoming sensory info, to stop overloading
   • STM
     • Capacity= 5-9 items
     • Duration= 18 seconds
     • Information will decay if not rehearsed
       • Maintenance Rehearsal occurs when we repeat material
   • LTM
     • information is moved from STM- LTM via prolonged rehearsal
     • Capacity= Unlimited
     • Codes= semantically
     • To recall information, has to be transferred back to STM this is call retrieval
   • Evaluation
     • `strengths
       • MRI scans can be used to investigate the areas of the brain
         • K.F.= STM damaged, LTM normal, this shows that they are different stores.
     • Weaknesses
       • Too simplistic= assumes there is 1 store for STM and 1 for LTM
         • Flashbulb memories= significant events stored in LTM without any rehearsal

3. Cognitive interview

   • Geiselman et al (1985)
     • Improve the effectiveness of police interviews when questioning witnesses
   • 4 Components
     • Report everything
     • Reinstatement of context
     • Change Order
     • Change Perspective
   • Evaluation
     • Strenghts
       • Bekerian et al= found that the cognitive interview provided more accurate information
       • Milne& bill: Combination of report everything and Context reinstatement produced better recall than any other conditions.
     • Weaknesses
       • Takes too long to complete
       • Police don't use all of the 4 components as the change of perspective, may make participants think that they are being asked to speculate the event.
       • Not successful in questioning children under the age of 6

4. Eye Witness Testimony

   • Loftus & Palmer (1974)
     • Car Crash
     • 1) smashed 2) collided 3) bumped 4) Hit 5) contracted
       • How fast were the cars going when they ***** into each other
       • 1) 40.8 2) 39.3 3) 38.1 4) 34.0 5) 31.8
     • Evaluation
       • Strengths
         • Can control the extraneous variables
           • Cause and effect
       • Weaknesses
         • Lacks internal validity
         • Lacks ecological validity

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