ESL Methods and Approaches

ESL Methods and Approaches

1. Grammatical Based Approach

   • All three of the methods classified under the Grammatical Based Approach are considered historical and no longer used in the second language classroom
   • Grammar-Translation Method
     • Emphasis on developing reading, writing and grammar
     • Little emphasis on oral language
     • Grammar rules taught holistically
     • Translated text to focus on grammatical accuracy, not for meaning
     • Replaced by the direct method in the 1940s
   • Direct Method
     • Focus on total immersion into the second language
     • No use of first language was allowed in the classroom
     • Less focus on grammar rules and more focus on memorization of language patterns
     • Some emphasis was placed on context through the use of pictures, objects, and diagrams
     • Considered historical and no longer used in the second language classroom
   • Audiolingual Method
     • Grammatical structures are sequenced then taught
     • Very little use of first language in the classroom
     • Focused on error correction through consistent feedback, drills, and repetitive practice
     • Developed in response for the rapid need of second language acquisition during World War II
     • Considered historical and no longer used in the second language classroom

2. Communicative Approach

   • Silent Way Method
     • Teacher reinforcement through repetition and signals
     • Very little content-based instruction
     • No use of first language in the classroom
     • Teacher models/ talks
     • Considered historical and no longer used in the second language classroom
   • Natural Way Method
     • Focused on comprehensible input
     • Very little error correction or production
     • Accepted students' first language
     • Silent period was recognized and accepted
     • Created the foundation for the sheltered method of instruction
     • Is used in some foreign language classroom, but is not widespead in US public schools
   • Suggestopedia
     • Emphasized a relaxed, stress-free setting
     • Very little error correction
     • Used first language in the classroom as a means of explanation
     • Considered historical/ Did not experience widespread use
   • Integrated Content Based Method
     • Emphasizes second language developement
     • Integrates content and language
     • Subject area integrated into thematic units
     • Curriculum is based on students' academic and language needs
   • Sheltered Instruction Method
     • Grade level modified curriculum
     • Scaffolded instruction
     • Visuals
     • Cooperative learning
     • Guarded vocabulary
     • Integrates language and content objectives into lesson

3. Cognitive Approach

   • CALLA (Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach)
     • Developmentally appropriate language instruction
     • Develops CALP in both first and second language as related to content area
     • Focuses on prior knowledge
     • Explicit instruction in learning strategies
       • Cognitive
       • Metacognitive
       • Social/affective
     • Scaffolded instruction
     • Extensive contextual suport
     • Reduced linguistic demands
     • Develops academic language in all four literacy domains (listening, speaking, reading, and writing

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