Psychology

Psychology

1. Research Methods

   • Ethics
     • Moral principles and standards.
       • psychologists cannot conduct research that is like to cause psychological or physiological harm to participants.
         • Confidentiality
           • No info gathered should be revealed without the person’s consent.
           • Personal details must be kept in a safe place and not disclosed.
         • Voluntary participation
           • must not be forced to be in the research
         • Withdrawal rights
           • Must be free to stop participating in experiment at any time
           • can refuse to have their results included in the study
         • Informed Consent
           • Participants must be given sufficient info
           • must be told about the nature of the research including any factors that may put them at risk
           • Signed consent must also be provided
         • Deception
           • providing too much info in research can affect the accuracy of the results.
           • withhold some of the info, provided it does not do harm to participants
           • Participants must be debriefed afterwards
         • Debriefing
           • the nature, results and conclusion of the study.
   • Scientific Method
     • Steps in psychological research
       • identify research problem
         • formulate a hypothesis
           • design a method
             • collect the data
               • analyse the data
                 • interpret the data
                   • report research findings
       • operational hypothesis
         • 1 tailed
           • specific
         • 2 tailed
           • broad
     • selection and sampling procedures
       • sampleing
         • process of selecting participants for a study
           • random sampleing
             • systematic procedure that ensures that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample being used in the study
               • eg. the lottery method
               • Pro: cheap and easy to conduct
               • Con: does not guarantee representative sample
           • Stratified sampling
             • dividing the population to be sample into distinct subgroups or strata
               • eg. gender, age, race, religion
               • Pro: sample drawn will be very closely representative of the population from which it is drawn.
               • Con: is a very costly and time consuming process
       • population
         • entire group of individuals
         • sample
           • subsection of the population
       • Grouping
         • control
         • experimental
       • reliability
         • staying consistently it measures
       • validity
         • staying true to hypothesis
   • Psych Writing
   • errors
     • systematic/sampleing
       • design
     • random/nonsampleing
       • chance
       • uneven mix of participants, questionnaire problems and interviewer bias
         • using an up-to-date and accurate sampling frame, careful selection of the time the survey is conducted, planning for follow up of non-respondents

2. Social

   • individuals and groups
     • group is two or more people who interact with and influence each other .
       • basic need to be with people.
         • it can increase self-knowledge, enhance status, and help to progress towards important goals.
         • loss of personal freedom and heavy demands on time, energy and resources,
       • study groups
         • exposed to other points of view.
         • learning more fun.
         • to improve and develop learning skills
       • social norms
         • rules and expectations which come with group membership
         • social roles
           • activities taken on by an individual to benefit the group
             • eg. captains of coaches of sporting teams
       • self concept
         • who am I?
       • social identity
         • based on membership in particular groups
   • cooperation vs competition
     • competition
       • strive to gain or win through defeating or establishing superiority
         • within groups
           • reduces cohesion
         • between groups
           • increases unity
     • cooperation
       • working or acting together for common purpose or goal
       • conflict
         • members perceive others soon taking action incompatible with their own interests
           • bad communication
           • faulty attributions
           • seeing own views as objectives and other's as biased
       • social dilemma
         • prisoners dilemma
         • split or steal
   • social loafing
     • reduces motivation and effort in groups
       • social facilitation
         • presence of an audience affects preformance
           • better performance on well learned
           • worse performance on not well learned
       • reasons
         • output equity
         • evaluation apprehension
         • matching standerds
       • decreasing
         • accountability
           • goal
             • assign roles
               • provide tasks
     • Ringlemann 1913
       • rope
     • Latane et al 1979
       • clapping
   • brainstorming
     • generating ideas as a group
       • focuses on quantity and creativity
         • benefits
           • many ideas in short time
           • few resources
           • results can be preserved
         • ad
           • democratic
           • easy to understand
         • dis
           • quantity over quantity
           • chaotic
   • Floyd Allport
     • social psych
       • how we think about, influence and relate to one another
         • theories
           • the behaviour of others
           • cognitive processes
           • ecological variables
           • cultural and biological
           • personality
         • study methods
           • experiments, observations, case studies, surveys and archival data
   • Likert scale
     • implicit measures
       • indirect
       • eg.
     • explicit measures
       • direct
       • likert
         • summed ratings to statements, which indicate favourable or unfavourable attitudes
           • ad
             • efficient to create
             • prior experience
             • large amounts of info in short time
       • semantic
         • assess along a common scale
         • GOOD........BAD

3. Communication