chapter 35 key terms

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absorption: process by which drugs are transferred from the site of entry into the body to the bloodstream

anorexia: lack or loss of appetite for food

anthropometric: measurements of the body and body parts

aspiration: misdirection of oropharyngeal secretions or gastric contents into the larynx and lower respiratory tract

basal metabolism: amount of energy required to carry out involuntary activities of the body at rest

body mass index (BMI): ratio of height to weight

calorie: measure of heat, or energy; kilocalorie, commonly referred to as a calorie, defined as the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1°C

carbohydrate: organic compounds (commonly known as sugars and starches) that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the most abundant and least expensive source of calories in the diet worldwide

cholesterol: fat-like substance found only in animal tissues; it is important for cell membrane structure, a precursor of steroid hormones, and a constituent of bile; high serum cholesterol levels are a risk factor in the development of atherosclerosis

digestion: gastrointestinal system’s breakdown process of food into particles small enough to pass into the cells and be used by the cells

dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing or inability to swallow

enteral nutrition: alternate form of feeding that involves passing a tube into the gastrointestinal tract to allow instillation of the appropriate formula

gastric residual: feeding remaining in the stomach

gastrostomy: opening created into the stomach

ketosis: an abnormal accumulation of ketone bodies that is frequently associated with acidosis

lipid: group name for fatty substances, including fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds

minerals: inorganic elements found in nature

nasogastric (NG) tube: tube inserted through the nose and into the stomach

nasointestinal (NI) tube: tube inserted through the nose and into the upper portion of the small intestine

NPO: nothing by mouth (Latin: nil per os)

nutrient: specific biochemical substance used by the body for growth, development, activity, reproduction, lactation, health maintenance, and recovery from illness or injury

nutrition: study of the nutrients and how they are handled by the body, as well as the impact of human behavior and environment on the process of nourishment

obesity: weight greater than 20% above ideal body weight

parenteral nutrition: nourishment provided via IV therapy

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG): surgically or laparoscopically placed gastrostomy tube

peripheral parenteral nutrition (PPN): prescribed for patients who require nutrient supplementation through a peripheral vein because they have an inadequate intake of oral feedings

protein: vital component of every living cell; composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

recommended dietary allowance (RDA): recommendations for average daily amounts of essential nutrients that healthy population groups should consume over time

total parenteral nutrition (TPN): nutritional therapy that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract for patients who are unable to take food orally; meets the patient’s nutritional needs with a highly concentrated, hypertonic nutrient solution administered intravenously through a central vein

trans fat: partially hydrogenated liquid oil; trans fat raises serum cholesterol

triglycerides: predominant form of fat in food and the major storage form of fat in the body

vitamins: organic substances needed by the body in small amounts to help regulate body processes; are susceptible to oxidation and destruction

waist circumference: a numerical measurement of the waist, used to assess an individual’s abdominal fat and establish ideal body weight