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Archie W. League in 1929 - The first air traffic controller at Missouri airport

Began in the early 1930's with only one rule, "see and be seen"

Radar - was developed during world war 2 enabling controllers to point out exact location of the aircrafts.

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)

1. Prevent collisions between the aircraft whose pilots chose to participate in the ATC service

2. Organize and expedite the safe and orderly flow of traffic, utilizing the airspace as effectively as possible

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Very high frequency (VHF) range which includes the frequencies between 118.0 megahertz (MHz) and 135.975 (MHz).

360 - channel radio uses 50 kHz (.05MHz) spacing between channels such as 118.05, 118.10, 118.15, 118.20

720 - channel radio doubles the frequencies available by using 25 kHz (.025 MHz) spacing, such as 118.025, 118.050, 118.075, 118.100

Since communication radios usually combine a transmitter and receiver, they are called "transceivers"

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2 way radio also know as "transceiver" is capable of transmitting and receiving radio communications.

VHF Communications Equipment - 2 way radio the uses a portion of the very high frequency (VHF) range.

Frequency range for communication is 118.0 - 135.1975 in the unit of megahertz (MHz)

Communication - 118.0 -135.1975

Navigation - 108 - 117.5

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You can adjust the volume with the on/off/volume control.

Squelch control - adjust how strong a received signal has to be for you to hear the audio.

To change from one frequency to another, use the ''Frequency selector'' and check the display to verify that the correct frequency has set in the transceiver.

Transmission - is limited only to ''line of sight''

A specialized agency of the United Nations, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was created in 1944 to promote the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the worild.

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The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) - has adopted a phonetic alphabet, which should be used in radio communications.

Radar is a device which provides information on range, and/or elevation of objects in the path of the transmitted pulses.

ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) - is often referred to as secondary surveillance radar.

The three components are:

interrogator

transponder

radarscope.

Transponder - is the airborne portion of the secondary surveillance radar system and a system with which a pilot should be familiar

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Control Tower - controls all airborne traffic within a specified airport radius and 3000 ft. altitude.

Ground Control - Segment of ATC that is responsible for the separation of traffic moving on the airport surface.

Ramp Control - Expedites and maintain orderly movement of the aircraft from apron to taxiway gates or vice versa.

Departure and Approach Control - Provide traffic through the use of radar d are most commonly used for IFR operations.

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TWO TYPES OF COMMUNICATIONS:

UNICOM - a privately operated frequency where in you can get advisory information and also request other information services.

MULTICOM - Frequency that provides aircraft in the area to use for air to air communication.

Emergency Frequency:

The assigned international emergency is 121.5 MHz

Mayday (3x) - Urgency

Pan-Pan (3x) - Distress

Emergency Transponder Codes:

7500 - Highjack

7600 - No Radio

7700 - General Emergency

Role of the transponder:

1. Unable to communicate, set to 7700 to alarm emergency for 15 minutes

2. 1200 for Civilian VFR sqwak Code