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CHAPTER 2

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Psychology 150 Quiz am CHAPTER 2, erstellt von J P am 02/12/2017.
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Zusammenfassung der Ressource

Frage 1

Frage
The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future scientist ________.
Antworten
  • has memorized all of the known facts about a given topic
  • has read all of the known articles about a given a topic
  • can contribute something new to the field
  • can apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school

Frage 2

Frage
According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
Antworten
  • to question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
  • to convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context
  • to train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems
  • all of the above

Frage 3

Frage
According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would receive scientific education.
Antworten
  • pharmacologist; pharmacist
  • physician; biologist
  • botanist; computer programmer
  • research psychologist; clinical psychologist

Frage 4

Frage
According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.
Antworten
  • measures; devices
  • indicators; clues
  • theories; hypotheses
  • reliable measures; valid measures

Frage 5

Frage
Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
Antworten
  • personality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed
  • personality tests are unethical
  • personality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
  • personality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires

Frage 6

Frage
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.
Antworten
  • gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones
  • gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading
  • rely solely on self-report data
  • collect as many clues as possible

Frage 7

Frage
Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.
Antworten
  • not bother collecting data
  • gather as much data as possible
  • only use L data, which are the most reliable
  • use only one source of data and control for its limitations

Frage 8

Frage
There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.
Antworten
  • fish-and-water
  • self-verification
  • self-expectancy
  • narcissism

Frage 9

Frage
In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.
Antworten
  • L; B
  • S; I
  • S; L
  • B; L

Frage 10

Frage
To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is an example of ________ data.
Antworten
  • S
  • I
  • L
  • B

Frage 11

Frage
________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.
Antworten
  • B
  • L
  • S
  • I

Frage 12

Frage
I data are ________.
Antworten
  • self-judgments
  • judgments made by knowledgeable observers
  • easily observable, real-life outcomes
  • direct observations of the subject in some predefined context

Frage 13

Frage
I data essentially measure ________.
Antworten
  • your internal states or emotions
  • your level of self-awareness
  • your reputation
  • work productivity (in industrial psychology)

Frage 14

Frage
According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.
Antworten
  • biases; stereotypes
  • heuristic errors; formal errors
  • errors; biases
  • trivial; serious

Frage 15

Frage
What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?
Antworten
  • one
  • two
  • three
  • five

Frage 16

Frage
According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a potential indicator of psychopathology?
Antworten
  • an arrest record by age 21
  • an annual income below the poverty line
  • being fired from a job by age 30
  • never being married by age 40

Frage 17

Frage
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.
Antworten
  • L
  • I
  • S
  • B

Frage 18

Frage
The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.
Antworten
  • B
  • I
  • L
  • S

Frage 19

Frage
To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.
Antworten
  • develop a questionnaire
  • recruit informants
  • observe the subject directly
  • look up information in public records

Frage 20

Frage
What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.
Antworten
  • definitional truth
  • causal truth
  • phenomenological force
  • causal force

Frage 21

Frage
What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?
Antworten
  • Conduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.
  • Conduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.
  • Conduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.
  • Read and consider the content of the items.

Frage 22

Frage
________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological significance.
Antworten
  • S
  • B
  • I
  • L

Frage 23

Frage
________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.
Antworten
  • L
  • I
  • S
  • B

Frage 24

Frage
In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.
Antworten
  • experience sampling
  • experimental B
  • L
  • projective

Frage 25

Frage
Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?
Antworten
  • S
  • B
  • L
  • I

Frage 26

Frage
Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project. She would most likely obtain ________ data.
Antworten
  • L
  • I
  • S
  • B

Frage 27

Frage
Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because ________.
Antworten
  • each judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts
  • judges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single, uncharacteristic behavior
  • some informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments
  • all of the above

Frage 28

Frage
What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?
Antworten
  • an atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
  • only behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality
  • the most recently observed typical behavior
  • behaviors that are observed every day

Frage 29

Frage
Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?
Antworten
  • S
  • B
  • I
  • L

Frage 30

Frage
Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?
Antworten
  • S
  • B
  • I
  • L

Frage 31

Frage
Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?
Antworten
  • observations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
  • number of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency situation
  • a subject’s verbal responses to a Rorschach test
  • number of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation

Frage 32

Frage
Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
Antworten
  • I
  • B
  • L
  • S

Frage 33

Frage
Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
Antworten
  • measures of heart rate and other physiological measurements
  • observation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation
  • a psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical interview
  • a participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”

Frage 34

Frage
When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits ________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.
Antworten
  • B data; I data
  • S data; I data
  • S data; B data
  • laboratory B data; natural B data

Frage 35

Frage
Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?
Antworten
  • L
  • S
  • I
  • B

Frage 36

Frage
According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?
Antworten
  • action verification
  • causal force
  • expectancy effect
  • narcissistic reflection

Frage 37

Frage
The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.
Antworten
  • confirmation
  • expectancy
  • fish-and-water
  • self-monitoring

Frage 38

Frage
The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant disadvantage for ________ data.
Antworten
  • B
  • L
  • I
  • S

Frage 39

Frage
The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgments have ________.
Antworten
  • generalizability
  • validity
  • causal force
  • reliability

Frage 40

Frage
A major advantage of S data is that ________.
Antworten
  • only a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data
  • the best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes
  • you are the world’s best expert about your own personality
  • to assess personality, you must observe what the person actually does

Frage 41

Frage
If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?
Antworten
  • The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura.
  • The S data often do not have psychological relevance.
  • The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person’s personality.
  • The S data have definitional truth.

Frage 42

Frage
Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.
Antworten
  • recency effect
  • expectancy effect
  • self-serving bias
  • judgment bias

Frage 43

Frage
A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.
Antworten
  • experience sampling
  • experimental B
  • L
  • projective

Frage 44

Frage
The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.
Antworten
  • common sense, so they have greater psychological relevance
  • a report by the best expert, so they are more accurate
  • direct psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value
  • direct observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable

Frage 45

Frage
When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST trustworthy?
Antworten
  • B
  • I
  • L
  • S

Frage 46

Frage
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?
Antworten
  • They have causal force.
  • They include common sense.
  • They are based on large amounts of information.
  • They come from carefully controlled experimental situations.

Frage 47

Frage
A major disadvantage of L data is ________.
Antworten
  • that they provide too much information
  • that informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target’s behavior
  • that the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
  • that judges may be biased about the person they are describing

Frage 48

Frage
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
Antworten
  • Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
  • Direct observations are easily quantifiable.
  • Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times.
  • Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.

Frage 49

Frage
One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?
Antworten
  • Participants can easily fake responses on the items.
  • Such items raise concerns with social desirability.
  • Responses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
  • Such items tend to make participants very anxious.

Frage 50

Frage
As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.
Antworten
  • experience sampling
  • experimental B
  • L
  • projective

Frage 51

Frage
What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during normal daily activities?
Antworten
  • experiential assessment
  • ambulatory assessment
  • projective assessment
  • digitally assisted experimental assessment

Frage 52

Frage
What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
Antworten
  • S instruments
  • omnibus personality test batteries
  • objective tests
  • performance-based personality tests

Frage 53

Frage
A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?
Antworten
  • S and B
  • L and B
  • I and B
  • S and L

Frage 54

Frage
According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable measure of attitudes toward ________.
Antworten
  • paper clips
  • casual sexual encounters
  • outgroup members
  • the self (like self-esteem)

Frage 55

Frage
If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.
Antworten
  • never occur
  • not affect the reliability of a measure
  • not attenuate the validity of a measure
  • sum to zero

Frage 56

Frage
Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?
Antworten
  • alpha
  • Spearman-Brown
  • kappa
  • Kaiser-Guttman

Frage 57

Frage
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
Antworten
  • reliable
  • valid
  • significant
  • generalizable

Frage 58

Frage
The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.
Antworten
  • how much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
  • whether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure
  • whether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct
  • whether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest

Frage 59

Frage
On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self- Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.
Antworten
  • valid
  • reliable
  • significant
  • free of unwanted biases

Frage 60

Frage
Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.
Antworten
  • reliability
  • a validity bias
  • a cohort effect
  • measurement error

Frage 61

Frage
The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.
Antworten
  • use the smallest possible number of items
  • measure something that is important
  • aggregate your measurements
  • maximize error variance

Frage 62

Frage
At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
Antworten
  • random errors cancel each other out
  • random errors never cancel each other out
  • reliable errors cancel each other out
  • a sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error

Frage 63

Frage
Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement?
Antworten
  • multitrait assessment
  • content validation
  • aggregation
  • construct validation

Frage 64

Frage
A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.
Antworten
  • refusing to aggregate items
  • measuring something important
  • using very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes
  • constructing items with complicated words and phrases

Frage 65

Frage
Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?
Antworten
  • entering data into a database incorrectly after collection
  • the immediate state of the participant
  • the mood of the experimenter
  • aggregation of responses to different items

Frage 66

Frage
In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________.
Antworten
  • accuracy; consistency
  • consistency; dependability
  • stability; dependability
  • consistency; accuracy

Frage 67

Frage
Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
Antworten
  • is consistent and stable
  • provides the same result if repeated
  • actually reflects or measures what you think it does
  • is reliable

Frage 68

Frage
According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both examples of specific tests or measurements.
Antworten
  • constructs
  • valid ideas
  • assessments
  • manifest factors

Frage 69

Frage
Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford- Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.
Antworten
  • valid measure of intelligence
  • valid but unreliable measure of intelligence
  • reliable but not valid measure of intelligence
  • more accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS

Frage 70

Frage
Reliability is ________ for validity.
Antworten
  • a necessary and sufficient condition
  • a necessary but not sufficient condition
  • a sufficient condition
  • not at all relevant

Frage 71

Frage
A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.
Antworten
  • construct validation
  • aggregation validation
  • generalization
  • internal validation

Frage 72

Frage
Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.
Antworten
  • the ecological reliability of their research
  • the internal validity of their studies
  • the generalizability of their findings
  • the construct validity of their studies

Frage 73

Frage
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.
Antworten
  • factorial invariance
  • psychometric integrity
  • measurement equivalence
  • generalizability

Frage 74

Frage
The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.
Antworten
  • generalizability
  • reliability
  • validity
  • statistical significance

Frage 75

Frage
Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?
Antworten
  • randomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students
  • randomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students
  • recruiting all the executives at a large company to participate
  • selecting participants using a random telephone dialing system

Frage 76

Frage
According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of personality research?
Antworten
  • More women than men participate in research.
  • Participants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who do not show up.
  • Personality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.
  • Much personality research is based on samples of college students.

Frage 77

Frage
Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.
Antworten
  • case study
  • correlational
  • experimental
  • behavioral

Frage 78

Frage
What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
Antworten
  • It describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon.
  • It is rarely the source of testable hypotheses.
  • It does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups.
  • It is not generalizable.

Frage 79

Frage
The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same variable is ________.
Antworten
  • externally derived; internally derived
  • significant; important
  • manipulated; measured
  • reliable; valid

Frage 80

Frage
The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.
Antworten
  • it allows the assessment of causality
  • it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants
  • participants are always randomly sampled from the general population
  • it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable

Frage 81

Frage
Random assignment allows researchers to ________.
Antworten
  • ignore problems of measurement
  • assume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions
  • ignore ethical constraints on research
  • control for selective attrition

Frage 82

Frage
If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.
Antworten
  • test scores and anxiety are positively correlated
  • test scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
  • test scores and anxiety are unrelated
  • the correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0

Frage 83

Frage
Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Antworten
  • experimental
  • correlational
  • case study
  • repeated measures

Frage 84

Frage
To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have to ________.
Antworten
  • find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers
  • randomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control condition
  • compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has never smoked
  • teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits

Frage 85

Frage
Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.
Antworten
  • experimental
  • correlational
  • case study
  • repeated measures

Frage 86

Frage
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
Antworten
  • experimental
  • correlational
  • case study
  • repeated measures
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