Quiz
CHAPTER 2
Erstelle ein kostenloses Konto, um dieses Quiz zu beenden
Speichere deinen Fortschritt und sieh dir dein Endergebnis an.
oder mit deiner E-Mail registrieren
Schon ein Konto? Anmelden
Fragen in diesem Quiz (86)
1The goal of the dissertation in the process of scientific education is to demonstrate that the future
scientist ________.- Ahas memorized all of the known facts about a given topic
- Bhas read all of the known articles about a given a topic
- Ccan contribute something new to the field
- Dcan apply the technical knowledge learned in graduate school
2According to the text, the goal of a scientific education is ________.
- Ato question what is known and how to find out what is not yet known
- Bto convey what is known about a subject so it can be applied in a medical context
- Cto train individuals to exclusively rely on deductive reasoning to solve problems
- Dall of the above
3According to the text, a ________ would receive technical training, whereas a ________ would
receive scientific education.- Apharmacologist; pharmacist
- Bphysician; biologist
- Cbotanist; computer programmer
- Dresearch psychologist; clinical psychologist
4According to the textbook, there are no perfect ________ of personality, only ________.
- Ameasures; devices
- Bindicators; clues
- Ctheories; hypotheses
- Dreliable measures; valid measures
5Researchers must use clues to personality in their research because________.
- Apersonality is defined solely by biological factors that cannot be observed
- Bpersonality tests are unethical
- Cpersonality is something hidden that resides inside an individual
- Dpersonality is defined by responses to self-report questionnaires
6When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________.
- Agather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones
- Bgather only clues that are certain not to be misleading
- Crely solely on self-report data
- Dcollect as many clues as possible
7Because each kind of data has limitations, personality psychologists should ________.
- Anot bother collecting data
- Bgather as much data as possible
- Conly use L data, which are the most reliable
- Duse only one source of data and control for its limitations
8There is a possibility that individuals are so accustomed to certain aspects of their personality that they
might not be aware of those traits. This is called the ________ effect.- Afish-and-water
- Bself-verification
- Cself-expectancy
- Dnarcissism
9In order to examine the relationship between early life experiences and adult criminality, Dr. Robbins
asks his research participants to fill out questionnaires describing their early life. He then obtains
copies of their arrest records from the county courthouse. The questionnaires used in Dr. Robbins’s
study would be ________ data, whereas the arrest records would be ________ data.- AL; B
- BS; I
- CS; L
- DB; L
10To assess the personality traits of a group of 5-year-olds, researchers use puppets to illustrate different
personality traits. Children are then asked to pick the puppet that best matches their personality. This is
an example of ________ data.- AS
- BI
- CL
- DB
11________ data are the most frequently used basis for personality assessment.
- AB
- BL
- CS
- DI
12I data are ________.
- Aself-judgments
- Bjudgments made by knowledgeable observers
- Ceasily observable, real-life outcomes
- Ddirect observations of the subject in some predefined context
13I data essentially measure ________.
- Ayour internal states or emotions
- Byour level of self-awareness
- Cyour reputation
- Dwork productivity (in industrial psychology)
14According to the text, accidental mistakes in judging personality are considered ________, whereas
inaccurate judgments that are influenced by prejudices are considered ________.- Abiases; stereotypes
- Bheuristic errors; formal errors
- Cerrors; biases
- Dtrivial; serious
15What is the minimum number of informants that Funder recommends for each person in a study?
- Aone
- Btwo
- Cthree
- Dfive
16According to the text, what simple example of L data is considered by clinical psychologists to be a
potential indicator of psychopathology?- Aan arrest record by age 21
- Ban annual income below the poverty line
- Cbeing fired from a job by age 30
- Dnever being married by age 40
17The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data.
- AL
- BI
- CS
- DB
18The typical experimental social psychologist collects ________ data.
- AB
- BI
- CL
- DS
19To obtain S data, a psychologist can ________.
- Adevelop a questionnaire
- Brecruit informants
- Cobserve the subject directly
- Dlook up information in public records
20What you do may be influenced by how you see yourself and how you are seen by others. This means
that your self-perceptions and others’ perceptions have ________.- Adefinitional truth
- Bcausal truth
- Cphenomenological force
- Dcausal force
21What is the best way for a researcher to judge the face validity of items on a measure?
- AConduct an exploratory factor analysis on the items.
- BConduct a confirmatory factor analysis on the items.
- CConduct an internal consistency analysis on the items.
- DRead and consider the content of the items.
22________ data are fairly easily verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes of possible psychological
significance.- AS
- BB
- CI
- DL
23________ data derive from the researcher’s direct observation of what the subject does.
- AL
- BI
- CS
- DB
24In a priming study, participants solved puzzles that included words such as gray, wise, retired, and
Florida. After solving these puzzles, participants were observed as they walked down a hallway. The
observation of participants’ speed of walking would be considered ________ data.- Aexperience sampling
- Bexperimental B
- CL
- Dprojective
25Which kind of data would be the easiest way to obtain information about the content of dreams?
- AS
- BB
- CL
- DI
26Dr. Garcia wants to measure the earliest autobiographical memories of the participants in her project.
She would most likely obtain ________ data.- AL
- BI
- CS
- DB
27Different informants may not agree about the personality of a common target individual because
________.- Aeach judge may see the target person in only a limited number of social contexts
- Bjudges may form a mistaken impression based on the recollection of a single,
uncharacteristic behavior - Csome informants may have biases that affect the accuracy of their judgments
- Dall of the above
28What kinds of behaviors by an acquaintance would most likely be remembered?
- Aan atypical behavior that was emotionally evocative
- Bonly behaviors consistent with the acquaintance’s personality
- Cthe most recently observed typical behavior
- Dbehaviors that are observed every day
29Records of employee absenteeism are what type of data?
- AS
- BB
- CI
- DL
30Which of the following types of personality data is the most objective and verifiable?
- AS
- BB
- CI
- DL
31Which of the following would be an example of natural B data?
- Aobservations of the number of times a subject told a joke in a day
- Bnumber of seconds a subject waits before seeking help in an experimental emergency
situation - Ca subject’s verbal responses to a Rorschach test
- Dnumber of times a subject interrupts others during a videotaped laboratory situation
32Which type of data is likely to be the most subjective and judgmental?
- AI
- BB
- CL
- DS
33Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered B data?
- Ameasures of heart rate and other physiological measurements
- Bobservation of how many times a participant spoke during a five-minute conversation
- Ca psychologist’s interpretation of a participant’s responses to an unstructured clinical
interview - Da participant’s records of his daily activities in a daily research “diary”
34When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits
________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will
respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________.- AB data; I data
- BS data; I data
- CS data; B data
- Dlaboratory B data; natural B data
35Which kind of data is the LEAST expensive to collect?
- AL
- BS
- CI
- DB
36According to the text, which of the following is another term for behavioral confirmation?
- Aaction verification
- Bcausal force
- Cexpectancy effect
- Dnarcissistic reflection
37The tendency for us to become what other people believe us to be is called a(n) ________ effect.
- Aconfirmation
- Bexpectancy
- Cfish-and-water
- Dself-monitoring
38The fact that behavior is frequently determined by multiple causes presents the most significant
disadvantage for ________ data.- AB
- BL
- CI
- DS
39The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus,
these judgments have ________.- Ageneralizability
- Bvalidity
- Ccausal force
- Dreliability
40A major advantage of S data is that ________.
- Aonly a trained personality psychologist can interpret S data
- Bthe best information about personality is obtainable from real-life social outcomes
- Cyou are the world’s best expert about your own personality
- Dto assess personality, you must observe what the person actually does
41If Dr. O’Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O’Connell want to avoid using S data?
- AThe person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports
about Laura. - BThe S data often do not have psychological relevance.
- CThe S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person’s
personality. - DThe S data have definitional truth.
- AThe person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports
42Because Jesse’s teacher believes that he is intelligent, she challenges him with extra assignments and
generally encourages his curiosity. At the end of the school year, Jesse performs better on the school’s
achievement test than any other student. Jesse’s enhanced performance is likely due to the ________.- Arecency effect
- Bexpectancy effect
- Cself-serving bias
- Djudgment bias
43A researcher asks participants to imagine that they have been excluded from their circle of friends and
then takes images of their brains using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning
technology. The images generated in this study would be considered ________ data.- Aexperience sampling
- Bexperimental B
- CL
- Dprojective
44The most important advantage of B data is that they are based on ________.
- Acommon sense, so they have greater psychological relevance
- Ba report by the best expert, so they are more accurate
- Cdirect psychological tests, so they have greater causal force and scientific value
- Ddirect observations of behavior, so they are more objective and quantifiable
45When someone is high in narcissism, what type of data about this person might be the LEAST
trustworthy?- AB
- BI
- CL
- DS
46Which of the following is NOT an advantage of I data?
- AThey have causal force.
- BThey include common sense.
- CThey are based on large amounts of information.
- DThey come from carefully controlled experimental situations.
47A major disadvantage of L data is ________.
- Athat they provide too much information
- Bthat informants may have access to only a narrow range of the target’s behavior
- Cthat the data are influenced by multiple factors besides just personality
- Dthat judges may be biased about the person they are describing
48Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data?
- ADirect observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation.
- BDirect observations are easily quantifiable.
- CDirect observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times.
- DPsychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.
49One concern with items on measures like the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is
that they often lack face validity. What kind of problem does this create?- AParticipants can easily fake responses on the items.
- BSuch items raise concerns with social desirability.
- CResponses are difficult to interpret in psychological terms.
- DSuch items tend to make participants very anxious.
50As part of a research project, a participant uses a smart phone application that signals her at random
times throughout the day. At those times, the application presents a series of questions for her to
answer regarding her current activities. This is an example of ________ data.- Aexperience sampling
- Bexperimental B
- CL
- Dprojective
51What term describes computer-assisted methods to measure thoughts and feelings that occur during
normal daily activities?- Aexperiential assessment
- Bambulatory assessment
- Cprojective assessment
- Ddigitally assisted experimental assessment
52What term is sometimes used to describe instruments like the Rorschach and Thematic Apperception
Test (TAT)?- AS instruments
- Bomnibus personality test batteries
- Cobjective tests
- Dperformance-based personality tests
53A behavioroid measure is a combination of which two types of data?
- AS and B
- BL and B
- CI and B
- DS and L
54According to principles described in the text, it would be relatively difficult to create a reliable
measure of attitudes toward ________.- Apaper clips
- Bcasual sexual encounters
- Coutgroup members
- Dthe self (like self-esteem)
55If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________.
- Anever occur
- Bnot affect the reliability of a measure
- Cnot attenuate the validity of a measure
- Dsum to zero
56Which formula in psychometrics quantifies the principle of aggregation?
- Aalpha
- BSpearman-Brown
- Ckappa
- DKaiser-Guttman
57If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________.
- Areliable
- Bvalid
- Csignificant
- Dgeneralizable
58The technical meaning of reliability refers to ________.
- Ahow much measurement error is present in your assessment instrument
- Bwhether an instrument accurately assesses the construct it is intended to measure
- Cwhether an instrument correlates with a similar measure of the same construct
- Dwhether a sample of participants reasonably represents the population of interest
59On Friday, Terence completes the Self-Monitoring Scale and receives a score of 49. On the following
Tuesday, he fills out the scale again and receives a score of 28. Terence’s scores on the Self-
Monitoring Scale do not appear to be ________.- Avalid
- Breliable
- Csignificant
- Dfree of unwanted biases
60Linda is taking an intelligence test. During the test, the teachers walk through the halls and chat loudly
with each other. Due to these distractions, Linda scores lower on the test than she would have if she
had been able to concentrate fully. The influence of the teachers’ chatting is an example of ________.- Areliability
- Ba validity bias
- Ca cohort effect
- Dmeasurement error
61The most important and generally useful way to enhance reliability is to ________.
- Ause the smallest possible number of items
- Bmeasure something that is important
- Caggregate your measurements
- Dmaximize error variance
62At the heart of aggregation is the idea that ________.
- Arandom errors cancel each other out
- Brandom errors never cancel each other out
- Creliable errors cancel each other out
- Da sufficiently precise measure has no reliable error
63Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her
scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is
following which principle of measurement?- Amultitrait assessment
- Bcontent validation
- Caggregation
- Dconstruct validation
64A researcher can increase the reliability of a personality test by ________.
- Arefusing to aggregate items
- Bmeasuring something important
- Cusing very few items to reduce the risk of mistakes
- Dconstructing items with complicated words and phrases
65Which of the following is NOT likely to undermine the reliability of a survey?
- Aentering data into a database incorrectly after collection
- Bthe immediate state of the participant
- Cthe mood of the experimenter
- Daggregation of responses to different items
66In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity
concern ________.- Aaccuracy; consistency
- Bconsistency; dependability
- Cstability; dependability
- Dconsistency; accuracy
67Validity is the degree to which a measurement ________.
- Ais consistent and stable
- Bprovides the same result if repeated
- Cactually reflects or measures what you think it does
- Dis reliable
68According to Cronbach and Meehl’s (1955) terminology, psychological attributes such as intelligence
and sociability are examples of ________, whereas an IQ test and extraversion questionnaire are both
examples of specific tests or measurements.- Aconstructs
- Bvalid ideas
- Cassessments
- Dmanifest factors
69Jane recently completed a new test that was designed to measure her IQ. She took the test twice and
each time received the same score. The test administrator told her that her scores indicate she is
extremely intelligent. However, Jane scored well below average when she completed the Stanford-
Binet and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), two well-established intelligence tests. Based
on this pattern of results, it appears that the new measure of IQ was a ________.- Avalid measure of intelligence
- Bvalid but unreliable measure of intelligence
- Creliable but not valid measure of intelligence
- Dmore accurate measure of intelligence than the Stanford-Binet or the WAIS
70Reliability is ________ for validity.
- Aa necessary and sufficient condition
- Ba necessary but not sufficient condition
- Ca sufficient condition
- Dnot at all relevant
71A research strategy that involves gathering as many different measurements as you can of a particular
construct and determining if those measurements correlate is called ________.- Aconstruct validation
- Baggregation validation
- Cgeneralization
- Dinternal validation
72Many psychologists tend to use college students as participants in their research and then assume that
what they learn applies to people in general. However, this common practice may limit ________.- Athe ecological reliability of their research
- Bthe internal validity of their studies
- Cthe generalizability of their findings
- Dthe construct validity of their studies
73Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________.
- Afactorial invariance
- Bpsychometric integrity
- Cmeasurement equivalence
- Dgeneralizability
74The fact that much of modern empirical research in psychology has been based on white, middle-class
college sophomores may reduce the ________ of psychological research.- Ageneralizability
- Breliability
- Cvalidity
- Dstatistical significance
75Which of the following sampling methods affords a researcher the greatest generalizability?
- Arandomly selecting a sample of introductory psychology students
- Brandomly selecting a sample of both high school and college students
- Crecruiting all the executives at a large company to participate
- Dselecting participants using a random telephone dialing system
76According to the text, which of the following would NOT be a threat to the generalizability of
personality research?- AMore women than men participate in research.
- BParticipants who show up for research studies are more conventional than individuals who
do not show up. - CPersonality researchers strive to study multiple cohorts.
- DMuch personality research is based on samples of college students.
77Narrative psychology is an example of the ________ method.
- Acase study
- Bcorrelational
- Cexperimental
- Dbehavioral
78What is the big disadvantage of the case study method?
- AIt describes isolated variables, not the whole phenomenon.
- BIt is rarely the source of testable hypotheses.
- CIt does not usually apply to particular individuals, only to groups.
- DIt is not generalizable.
79The major difference between the experimental and correlational methods is that in the experimental
method the presumed causal variable is ________, whereas in the correlational method the same
variable is ________.- Aexternally derived; internally derived
- Bsignificant; important
- Cmanipulated; measured
- Dreliable; valid
80The strongest advantage of the experimental method is that ________.
- Ait allows the assessment of causality
- Bit allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the
participants - Cparticipants are always randomly sampled from the general population
- Dit can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable
81Random assignment allows researchers to ________.
- Aignore problems of measurement
- Bassume that groups of participants are more or less equivalent on preexisting conditions
- Cignore ethical constraints on research
- Dcontrol for selective attrition
82If test scores decrease as anxiety increases, then ________.
- Atest scores and anxiety are positively correlated
- Btest scores and anxiety are negatively correlated
- Ctest scores and anxiety are unrelated
- Dthe correlation between test scores and anxiety must be 1.0
83Dr. Low is interested in studying the effect mood has on the willingness to help a stranger. She
randomly assigns half of her participants to the pleasant mood condition and shows them funny film
clips. The other half of her participants is assigned to the unpleasant mood condition and is forced to
watch boring film clips. She then gives every participant an opportunity to donate money to a
homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.- Aexperimental
- Bcorrelational
- Ccase study
- Drepeated measures
84To conduct an experimental study of the causal effect smoking has on physical health, we would have
to ________.- Afind a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers
- Brandomly assign some people to a smoking condition and some others to a control
condition - Ccompare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has
never smoked - Dteach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to
begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits
85Dr. Low is interested in studying the relation between mood and willingness to help a stranger. Every
participant in her study completes a mood-rating questionnaire and is then given an opportunity to
donate money to a homeless stranger. Dr. Low is using a(n) ________ design.- Aexperimental
- Bcorrelational
- Ccase study
- Drepeated measures
86Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem?
- Aexperimental
- Bcorrelational
- Ccase study
- Drepeated measures
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Psychology 150 Quiz am CHAPTER 2, erstellt von J P am 02/12/2017.
- Autor
- J P
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 304
- Schlagwörter
- Bewertung
- Noch keine Bewertungen Bewerte dieses Quiz