Quiz
Chapter 15
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1The reactions of energy extraction and energy use are called
- Ametabolism or intermediary metabolism
- Bmetabolism or secondary metabolism
- Cmetabolism or globulary metabolism
2Basic principles govern energy manipulations in all cells
- AMolecules are degraded or synthesized stepwise in a series of reactions termed metabolic pathways.
- BATP is the energy currency of life.
- CATP can be formed by the reduction of carbon fuels.
- DAlthough many reactions occur inside a cell, there are a limited number of reaction types involving particular intermediates that are common to all metabolic pathways.
- EMetabolic pathways are highly regulated
- FEnergy is required to power muscle contraction and cell movement, active transport, and biosynthesis.
- GMetabolism consists of energy yielding and energy requiring reaction
3Phototrops obtain energy by
- Acapturing sunlight
- Bthe oxidation of carbon fuels
- Cthe reduction of carbon fuels
4Chemotrophs obtain energy through
- Acapturing sunlight
- Boxidation of carbon fuels
- Creduction of carbon fuels
5Metabolic pathways can be divided into 3 types
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
6Catabolic pathways
- Acombust carbon fuels to synthesize ATP
- Buse ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules.
7Anabolic pathways use
- AATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules.
- Bcarbon fuels to synthesize ATP
8Some pathways, called [blank_start]amphibolic[blank_end] pathways, can function anabolically or catabolically.
- Aamphibolic
- Bamphillic
9Although anabolic and catabolic pathways may have reactions in common, the regulated, irreversible reactions are always distinct.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
10Glucose is metabolized to pyruvate in 10 linked reactions. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is
- Ais metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl CoA.
- Bis metabolized to lactate and, under aerobic conditions, to acetyl Cox.
11The glucose-derived carbons of acetyl CoA are subsequently [blank_start]oxidized[blank_end] to CO2.
- Aoxidized
- Breduced
12Energy derived from fuels or light is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cellular energy currency.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
13ATP hydrolysis is
- Aexergonic because the triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds that are unstable
- Bendergonic because the triphosphate unit contains two phosphoanhydride bonds that are unstable
- Cis used to power a host of cellular functions.
- DEnzymes can catalyze the transfer of a terminal phosphoryl group from one nucleotide to another
14[blank_start]Phosphoryl[blank_end] Transfer potential is an important form of cellular energy transformation
- APhosphoryl
- BPhosphatase
15ATP has a [blank_start]phosphoryl-transfer[blank_end] potential intermediate between high phosphoryl- potential compounds derived from fuel molecules and acceptor molecules that require the addition of a phosphoryl group for cellular needs.
- Aphosphoryl-transfer
- Bacceptor molecules
- Cphosphoryl group
16What phosphate serves as an energy reserve in vertebrate muscle
- ACreatine
- BATP
- CADP
17ATP must never be recycled to provide energy to power the cell
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
18Oxidation reactions involve [blank_start]loss[blank_end] of electrons
- Aloss
19Oxidation reactions involve loss of electrons. Such reactions must be coupled with reactions that gain electrons. The paired reactions are called
- Aoxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions.
- Bdeoxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions
20The carbon atoms in fuels are oxidized to yield [blank_start]CO2[blank_end], and the electrons are ultimately accepted by oxygen to form [blank_start]H2O[blank_end].
- ACO2
- BH2O
- CH2O
- DCO2
21The more reduced a carbon atom is, the more free energy is released upon oxidation.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
22Fats are a less efficient food source than glucose because fats are more reduced.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
23Compounds with high [blank_start]phosphoryl[blank_end] transfer potential can couple carbon [blank_start]oxidation[blank_end] to ATP synthesis
- Aoxidation
- Breduction
- Cphosphoryl
- Dphosphtase
24The essence of catabolism is capturing the energy of carbon oxidation as ATP.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
25Reduction of the carbon atom may form a compound with low phosphoryl-transfer potential that can then be used to synthesize ADP.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
26Ion gradients across membranes provide an important form of cellular energy that can be coupled to ATP synthesis
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
27Ion gradients can couple endergonic reactions with exergonic reactions.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
28In animals, 90% of ATP is generated when
- Athe energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ATP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
- Bthe energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ADP synthesis in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
- Cthe energy of a proton gradient is coupled with ATP synthesis in the process of reductive phosphorylation.
29The generation of energy from food occurs in three stages
- ALarge molecules in food are broken down into smaller molecules in the process of digestion.
- BThe many small molecules are processed into key molecules of metabolism, most notably acetyl CoA.
- CATP is produced from the complete oxidation of the acetyl component of acetyl CoA.
- DNone of the above
30Activated carrier
- AATP is an activated carrier of phosphoryl groups
- BDerived from vitamins
- CDerived from minerals
- DNADH/NAD+ and FADH2/FAD are activated carriers of electrons for fuel oxidation
312. Two characteristics are common to activated carriers:
- AThe carriers are kinetically stable in the absence of specific catalysts.
- BThe carriers are kinetically stable in the presence of specific catalysts.
- CThe metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a small number of carriers
- DThe metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a large number of carriers
32Many Activated carriers are derived from vitamin, B vitamins function as coenzymes, what other vitamins play a roles but do not serve as conenzymes
- AVitamins A, C, D, E, and K
- BVitamins A, C, D, E,
- CVitamins A, C, D
334. Key Reactions are reiterated throughout metabolism
- Aoxidation reduction
- Bligation
- Cisomeration
- DGroup transfer
- EHydroltic reaction
34Reactions in which carbon bonds are cleaved by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. In these reactions, two substrates yield one product or vice versa
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
35Metabolic processes are regulated in three principal ways
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
36Metabolic pathways must be regulated
- Acreate homeostasis or a stable biochemical environment.
- Ballosterically or by covalent modification.
37To maintain homeostasis, the levels of available nutrients must be constantly monitored and metabolism adjusted to meet the biochemical needs of the cell.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
38Homeostasis is maintained by three crucial regulatory strategies.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
39The quantity of enzyme present can be regulated at the level of gene transcription.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
40Catalytic activity
- Ais regulated allosterically or by covalent modification
- BHormones coordinate metabolic activity, often by instigating the covalent modification of allosteric enzymes.
- CHormones coordinate metabolic activity, often by instigating the covalent modification of steric enzymes.
41The energy status of the cell is often an important regulator of enzyme activity
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
42Two common means are used to assess energy status: [blank_start]energy charge[blank_end] and [blank_start]phosphorylation[blank_end] potential.
- Aenergy charge
- Bavailable nutrients
- Cphosphorylation
- Dkinetic
43Opposing reactions, such as fatty acid synthesis and degradation, may occur in different cellular compartments.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
44Controlling the flux of substrates between compartments is used to regulate metabolism.
- ARichtig
- BFalsch
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- biochem
- Autor
- Amy Arce
- Sprache
- English
- Aufrufe
- 40
- Verlauf
- Erstellt am 2 Nov 2015 · aktualisiert am 19 Feb 2016
- Schlagwörter
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