3770 exam 2

Question 1

Natural selection most easily responds to particular selection pressures by shifting the [blank_start]timing of growth trajectories[blank_end].

Accepted Answer

timing of growth trajectories

Question 2

The reason that men have bigger brains than women can be attributed to [blank_start]allometric growth[blank_end].

Accepted Answer

allometric growth

Question 3

The reason that we can share 95% of our genes (or more) with chimpanzees yet be so different is that we differ in regulatory genes that control developmental processes.

Answer

true

Question 4

There has been a [blank_start]3[blank_end] fold increase from the Australopithecus to Modern Humans (measured in absolute brain size: brain mass/volume)

Accepted Answer

3

Answer

1

Answer

2

Answer

4

Answer

5

Answer

6

Answer

7

Answer

8

Answer

9

Question 5

Many of the earlier homo species had brains that were larger than modern humans. This includes:

Accepted Answer

Homoerectus

Accepted Answer

Homoheidelbergensis

Answer

Homohabilis

Answer

Homoergaster

Answer

Homoflorensiensis

Answer

Australopithecus

Answer

Homosapians

Answer

Homorudolfensis

Question 6

Mammals brain size scales to [blank_start]0.67[blank_end] of body size, which is much the same in primates.

Accepted Answer

0.67

Question 7

Brains are [blank_start]negatively[blank_end] allometric relative to body size.

Accepted Answer

negatively

Answer

positively

Question 8

The [blank_start]Encephalization Quotient[blank_end] is observed brain size/expected brain size and allows us to describe whether a particular brain size is what we would expect it to be, given the associated body size.

Accepted Answer

Encephalization Quotient

Question 9

Despite the fact that they're of similar size, modern chimpanzees have larger relative brain sizes than Australopithecus.

Answer

true

Question 10

Through calculating EQs of extinct hominins, we have found a fairly sharp rise in absolute brain size, while there has been a steady and relatively linear increase in EQ (except with the emergence of us).

Answer

true

Question 11

There were 3 grade shifts within non human primates:
1. Hominoids, cercopithecines, noncalitrichine platyrrhines
2. Colobines, calitrichines
3. Prosminians

Answer

true

Question 12

Based on primate data alone, humans have a brain that are [blank_start]3.1[blank_end] times larger than expected from out body size (aka encephalization quotient)

Accepted Answer

3.1

Question 13

Using data from mammals, human brains are expected to be [blank_start]7.5[blank_end]x larger than expected from our body size (encephalization quotient)

Accepted Answer

7.5

Question 14

Of most interest to evolution psychologists is the [blank_start]neocortex[blank_end]. In particular, the [blank_start]gray matter[blank_end] that we share with other mammals but which is absent from vertebrates.

Accepted Answer

neocortex

Accepted Answer

gray matter

Answer

cerebellum

Answer

cerebrum

Answer

cerebral cortex

Answer

pre-frontal cortex

Answer

white matter

Answer

neural pathways

Answer

neurons

Question 15

When compared with other apes, our frontal lobes are about as large as expected. But, we show an [blank_start]increase[blank_end] in the relative size of the temporal lobe.

Accepted Answer

increase

Answer

decrease

Question 16

When compared with other apes, our frontal lobes are about as large as expected. But, we have shows a [blank_start]decrease[blank_end] in the parietal and occipital lobes.

Accepted Answer

decrease

Answer

increase

Question 17

Although the [blank_start]relative[blank_end] size of the occipital lobe is larger in primates, the [blank_start]absolute[blank_end] size of the occipital lobe is 1.5x larger in humans than in chimpanzees.

Accepted Answer

relative

Accepted Answer

absolute

Question 18

The cerebral cortex contains several regions (including the neocortex) which are devoted to being recieving areas for special senses and motor regions for voluntary control of muscle action.

Answer

true

Question 19

The prefrontal cortex has [blank_start]executive authority[blank_end], which is implicated in the planning of complex cognitive behaviors, for which it taps into working memory, personality expression, and the moderation of social behavior.

Accepted Answer

executive authority

Question 20

The frontal cortex is [blank_start]larger[blank_end] in primates than other mammals, and [blank_start]larger[blank_end] in humans than in chimpanzees. This is interesting because this isn't the case for the frontal cortex as a whole.

Accepted Answer

larger

Accepted Answer

larger

Answer

smaller

Answer

smaller

Question 21

Check all of the TRUE statements

Accepted Answer

Relative brain size is a primate characteristic

Accepted Answer

Relative neocortex expansion is an anthropoid characteristic

Accepted Answer

Relative cerebellum expansion is a hominoid characteristic

Accepted Answer

Relative prefrontal cortex expansion is a hominin characteristic

Answer

Relative brain size is an anthropoid characteristic

Answer

Relative neocortex exanspion is a primate characteristic

Answer

Relative cerebellum expansion is a primate characteristic

Answer

Relative cerebellum expansion is an anthropoid characeteristic

Answer

Relative brain size is a hominoid characteristic

Answer

Relative prefrontal cortex expansion is an anthropoid characteristic

Question 22

Along with apes, the human cerebellum, although separate from the neocortex, has increased in absolute size

Answer

true

Question 23

Humans have a larger cerebellum than predicted for a hominid with our overall brain size.

Answer

true

Question 24

Selection pressures of the cerebellum [blank_start]decreased[blank_end] after the split of the human lienage from the African ancestral hominid stock.

Accepted Answer

decreased

Answer

increased

Question 25

The use of relative measures of brain size provide us with information about when and how natural selection has acted, so they are often used in assessments of relative cognitive ability. Relative brain size is also assumed to indicate relative cognitive performance.

Answer

true

Question 26

2 animals can have the same EQ, but differ markedly in the actual amount of neural tissue available to them.

Answer

true

Question 27

Size predicts cognitive performance.

Answer

true

Question 28

There is no particularly strong relationship between brain size and IQ.

Answer

true

Question 29

Brains [blank_start]slow[blank_end] life histories [blank_start]down[blank_end]. In humans, it is associated with compromised [blank_start]locomotion[blank_end] and a source of [blank_start]mortality[blank_end].

Accepted Answer

slow

Accepted Answer

down

Accepted Answer

locomotion

Accepted Answer

morality

Answer

speed

Answer

up

Answer

diet

Answer

opportunity

Answer

purpose

Answer

health complications due to stress

Question 30

The brain's job is to detect and track relevant changes in the world and then produce adaptive responses to them using [blank_start]algorithms[blank_end], a specific set of instructions or fixed steps that can be used to solve a problem.

Accepted Answer

algorithms

Question 31

Big brains go hand in hand with [blank_start]long lives[blank_end], allowing their owners to store their experience of the world as memories and to act on this when necessary.

Accepted Answer

long lives

Question 32

Animals (like vervet monkeys) that live in harsh, seasonal environments, are likely to face unpredictable fluctuations in ecological conditions that pose considerable problems for them and for which a long memory may prove invaluable.

Answer

true

Question 33

In an uncertain world, the trick to success lies in being able to carve or categorise the percieved world into appropriate units that can be linked to adaptie behavior. We must establish contexts for action and we do this largely by means of [blank_start]associative learning[blank_end]. To make this response possible in the absence of any experience, this requires the accumultion in memory of past experiences and the actions associated with them.

Accepted Answer

associative learning

Question 34

The ability to respond to [blank_start]contingency[blank_end] (an event that may occur but is not likely or intended) must be built on an organism's prior experience (knowledge)

Accepted Answer

contingency

Question 35

The fine tuning between context and action (contingency) is accomplished by the linked processes of [blank_start]generalization[blank_end] (to lump contexts) and [blank_start]discrimination[blank_end] (to separate context).

Accepted Answer

generalization

Accepted Answer

discrimination

Question 36

[blank_start]Stimulus generalization[blank_end] is the performance of a response learned to one stimulus in the presence of another that wasn't present when the initial learning occured (percieved similar as the other)

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization

Question 37

[blank_start]Stimulus control[blank_end] is when a behavior comes under the influence of a discriminative stimulus or context.

Accepted Answer

Stimulus control

Question 38

An example of first order conditional discrimination is when we stop at a red light when someone is watching but run if no one else is around.

Answer

true

Question 39

[blank_start]Operant conditioning[blank_end] links the animals behavior to particular contexts
[blank_start]Classical conditioning[blank_end] links different contexts to one another

Accepted Answer

Operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning

Question 40

[blank_start]Implicit learning[blank_end] is the ability to connect things in our world without being aware that we are acquiring knowledge. A good example of this in humans is priming in the ability to learn language.

Accepted Answer

Implicit learning

Question 41

We perceive the world as an ongoing whole. We don't deal with each of the correlated, perceptually distinguished elements as individual elements but as patterns that are globally detectable. Detecting overall context allows us to deal with ambiguity.

Answer

true

Question 42

CATEGORIZATION:

-[blank_start]Rote memorization[blank_end] refers to the ability to perceive and memorize individual exemplars one by one, independent of category membership. This requires experience. Example: knowing that hammer and screwdriver are connected.

-[blank_start]Open-ended categorization[blank_end] derives from the ability to detect perceptual similarities among items. This does not require experience. Allows individuals to cope successfully with novel problems in the absence of experience (to generalize). Example: grouping forks, or grouping things that look like eagles and things that look like dogs

Accepted Answer

Rote memorization

Accepted Answer

Open-ended categorization

Answer

Simple concepts

Answer

Analogical Reasoning

Answer

Transitive inference

Answer

Analogical reasoning

Answer

Relational concepts

Question 43

CONCEPTS

-[blank_start]Concept[blank_end] is a general idea derived from specific instances/occurrences
-Simple concepts are a functional quality that is used as the basis of categorization
-[blank_start]Relational concepts[blank_end] are based on uncommon abstract relationships shared by sets of stimuli
-[blank_start]Transitive concepts[blank_end] are if A>B>C, then A>C. This understanding is a consequence of exposure to, and interaction with, other animals

Accepted Answer

Concept

Accepted Answer

Relational concepts

Accepted Answer

Transitive concepts

Question 44

[blank_start]Analogical reasoning[blank_end] is built on the ability to map relations in one domain to relations in another. It builds on relational concepts and is qualitatively more demanding because it concerns the 'relations' between 'relations'.

Accepted Answer

Analogical reasoning

Question 45

Analogies are the basis for [blank_start]inductive[blank_end] reasoning

Accepted Answer

inductive

Answer

deductive

Question 46

Analogical reasoning as a cognitive capacity emerges on it's own.

Answer

true

Question 47

Time is an intangible cognitive construct.

Answer

true

Question 48

The extent to which one can learn subsequent tasks more rapidly and apply one's acquired knowledge are said to of formed a [blank_start]learning set[blank_end].

Accepted Answer

learning set

Question 49

A species performance on one task type is not correlated with it's perforamnce on others.

Answer

true

Question 50

The global cognitive ability of task performance is best predicted by absolute brain size, although absolute neocortex size is also a very good predictor. Neocortex ratio is not.

Answer

true

Question 51

Skoyles argued that brain size, rather than indicating an intrinsic ability to solve problems, is more likely to underpin [blank_start]expertise[blank_end], which is a skill based on knowledge.

Accepted Answer

expertise

Question 52

It is reasonable to consider the possibility that the primary cognitive demands faced by an animal are ecological.

Answer

true

Question 53

[blank_start]Diurnal[blank_end] primates, given their larger size and color vision, are omnivorous but mainly reliant on plant products of various kinds (leaves, fruit, buds, roots, gum, flowers). Primates in general sit somewhere along the continuum between folivory and frugivory.

Accepted Answer

Diurnal

Answer

Nocturnal

Question 54

Select all the true statements concerning folivorous primates

Accepted Answer

Leaves offer less nutritional return as they get older

Accepted Answer

There has been selection on many plants to reduce predation on leaves (tannins)

Accepted Answer

Primates have adapted in their dietary physiology (digestion and detoxification) to make leaf eating worthwhile

Accepted Answer

Folivores have to eat a lot of leaves to get enough nutrients, then they need to spend a large amount of their time digesting their food so that they can eat more.

Answer

Leaves offer the highest level of nutritional benefit

Answer

Folivores only need to eat a small amount of leaves in order to gain the nutritional value

Answer

Folivores spend a large amount of their time looking for leaves and are therefore active for most of the way.

Question 55

Eating fruit is a riskier strategy than eating leaves.

Answer

true

Question 56

In general, frugivores have larger home ranges, and travel further, than do folivores.

Answer

true

Question 57

It has been argued that, as in the case of frugivores, efficient use of these larger areas in which essential resources are unpredictably distributed - in both space and time - over a large area, drives selection for memory and improved spatial cognition.

Answer

true

Question 58

[blank_start]The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis[blank_end] focuses intitially on humans.. Ariello & Wheeler observed that while human brains are metabolically expensive to maintain, there is no evidence that humans have increased basal metabolic rate (BMR) to compensate.

Accepted Answer

The Expensive Tissue Hypothesis

Question 59

[blank_start]Basal metabolic rate[blank_end] is the daily expenditure of energy by an animal if it were entirely at rest in a thermoneutral environment. An estimate of the energy needed to simply keep the body ticking over.

Accepted Answer

Basal metabolic rate

Question 60

[blank_start]The cognitive buffer hypothesi[blank_end]s states that larger brained animals should have the behavioral flexibility needed to overcome the problems of seasonality.

Accepted Answer

The cognitive buffer hypothesi

Question 61

The cognitive buffer hypothesis suggests that hominins were able to 'fund' larger brains using both strategies of encephalisation and fat storage, they achieved growth (our life histories are slower than hominids) and reproduction. How did they do this?

Accepted Answer

By shifting to richer sources of food (meat, cooked foods)

Accepted Answer

By directing energy away from locomotion (improved bipedal efficiency)

Answer

By eating more frugivorously (fruit)

Answer

By eating more folivoriously (plants)

Answer

By becoming more fission-fusion like

Answer

Increasing the size of their social groups

Answer

By becoming more independent and less social

Question 62

A diverse diet will benefit from improved [blank_start]foraging[blank_end] skills, as these allow efficient access to a wide variety of food types. [blank_start]Extractive foraging[blank_end] in particular requires a range of cognitive skills, from the manual dexterity made possible from opposable thumbs, to the ability to coordinate a suite of actions in a pursuit of a goal, and eventually, means-end cognition.

Accepted Answer

foraging

Accepted Answer

Extractive foraging

Question 63

We expect fruit-eaters and/or extractive foragers to have bigger brains - both because the problem of getting enough food require of them and because a rich diet supports the development of a larger brain (it is energetically expensive).

Answer

true

Question 64

Much, if not all of the sequential behavior that we see and assume reflects planning. There is no convincing evidence that monkeys can plan an action in advance.

Answer

true

3770 exam 2

Fragen in diesem Quiz (75)

Informationen

Feedback

Wie gefällt dir das neue Design?