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Frage 1
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There is an ability to attribute the same beliefs, desires, and intentions that you have to others. This can also be used to predict behaviour. What is this called?
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Theory of Mind
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Understanding of Mind
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Perception of Mind
Frage 2
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Bakti (et al., 2000) found early signs of Theory of Mind when infants were focused on the open eyes of faces. Does this occur before or after they turn a year old?
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Before
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After
Frage 3
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It has been suggested that when babies see others cry, they cry as well. They can "catch" emotions. What is this called?
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Emotional disease
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Emotional contagion
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Emotional reciprocation
Frage 4
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Do newborns understand empathy when they see others expressing emotion?
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Yes
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No
Frage 5
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Infants use emotional signals to guide their actions or appraise events. For example, during "visual cliffs", infants look at their mothers to decide on what to do next. What is this called?
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Social inference
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Social referencing
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Social indignation
Frage 6
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When is social referencing said to occur?
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Before turning a year old
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When a year old
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At 2 years old
Frage 7
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______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal for something to be picked up.
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Proto-imperative pointing
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Proto-declarative pointing
Frage 8
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______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal at an object or person, but have no desire for action.
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Proto-declarative pointing
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Proto-imperative pointing
Frage 9
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One-year-olds understand and engage with the attention of others to share attention. What is this called?
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Joint attention
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Reciprocal attention
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Understood attention
Frage 10
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At what age do infants understand early desire (Rapacholi & Gopnik, 1997), as well as the desire-happiness and desire-action links (Wellman & Wooley, 1990)?
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At a year old
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At 2 years old
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Less than a year old
Frage 11
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Do newborns prefer open or closed eyes according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?
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Open
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Closed
Frage 12
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Do newborns find faces interesting, according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 13
Frage
Which of the following evolves first in infant development at 18 months old?
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Early desire
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Desire-happiness link
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Desire-action link
Frage 14
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Children acquire adult-like Theory of Mind understanding at what age?
Antworten
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A year old
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2 years old
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3 years old
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4 years old
Frage 15
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According to Wellman (1990), do children begin to have belief-desire reasoning?
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Yes
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No
Frage 16
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At 2 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.
Antworten
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Desires
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Beliefs
Frage 17
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At 4 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.
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Desires
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Beliefs
Frage 18
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Does Theory of Mind develop continuously from birth to adulthood?
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Yes
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No
Frage 19
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According to Perner (1991), what type of understanding do children develop?
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Representational
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Fictional
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Theoretical
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Perceptual
Frage 20
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A 3 year old will commonly answer ________ to a false belief task.
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Correctly
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Incorrectly
Frage 21
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A 4 or 5-year-old will typically answer ________ on a false belief task.
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Correctly
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Incorrectly
Frage 22
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Is the false belief task an "acid test" of whether Theory of Mind has been understood?
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Yes
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No
Frage 23
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A child understands Theory of Mind when:
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They can separate mind (eg, what someone believes) from world (eg, what something actually is)
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They can conflate two variables together to form a type of reasoning
Frage 24
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If a child fails a false belief task, what type of deficit is it?
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A mental understanding deficit
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A language or memory deficit
Frage 25
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Which sex prefers to more eye contact and biological motion?
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Girls
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Boys
Frage 26
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Who has the slight advantage at false belief tasks according to Charman, Ruffman, and Clements (2001)?
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Girls
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Boys
Frage 27
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Avis and Harris (1991) examined the Baka tribe of Cameroon on the understanding of Theory of Mind. Callaghan (et al., 2005) replicated and extended the findings. What was found?
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Children under 5 failed the task, children over 5 passed
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Children, regardless of age, were able to pass the task
Frage 28
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Wellman, Cross, and Watson (2001) were able to confirm that full understanding occurs at what age?
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2 years old
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3 years old
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4 years old
Frage 29
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Social understanding of Theory of Mind is:
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Social understanding
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Perceptual understanding
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Rational understanding
Frage 30
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Social understanding of Theory of Mind, narrowly, is:
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False belief understanding
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False perceptual understanding
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False rationalisation understanding
Frage 31
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In false belief understanding (or social understanding) do children differentiate between beliefs and desires? Would they understand that someone will act on their beliefs even when their desires are against it?
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Yes
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No
Frage 32
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Is false belief understanding (or social understanding) synonymous with perspective-taking (Perner, et al., 2002)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 33
Frage
Do children need connectedness of communication (Slomkowski & Dunn, 1996) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?
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Yes
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No
Frage 34
Frage
Do children need the understanding of role play, as well as joint proposals in pretend play (Astington & Jenkins, 1995) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?
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Yes
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No
Frage 35
Frage
Do children need peer-teaching skills (Strauss, Ziv & Stein, 2002) in perspective-taking in order to pass false belief tasks?
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Yes
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No
Frage 36
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Which way are social skills generally measured in children, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?
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Intentional behaviours vs. social rules
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Intentional behaviours with social rules
Frage 37
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Are there general ratings with social competence, or are they more specific according to Nixon, Wilson, and Capage (1999)?
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General ratings with social competence
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Specific ratings with social competence
Frage 38
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Is there an issue with language and social competence in that there is no language control, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 39
Frage
Is there an issue with language and social control in terms of total utterances according to Watson (et al., 1999)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 40
Frage
Is there an issue with language and social competence in terms of attributing language with causality, according to Pears and Carlson (2003)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 41
Frage
Is there an issue with social competence against causality, in that there is a division between certain socially competent children and the socially skilled (Bosacki & Astington)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 42
Frage
Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to psychopathy, according to Blair (2003, 2008)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 43
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Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to bullying, according to Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham (1999)?
Antworten
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Yes
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No
Frage 44
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Dunn and Cutting (2001) highlighted that children ________ become sensitive to criticism.
Antworten
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Do
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Do not
Frage 45
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According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding with very warm mothers leads to high or low self-esteem?
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High self-esteem
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Low self-esteem
Frage 46
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According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding but with more cold and hostile mothers leads to higher or lower self-esteem?
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Higher self-esteem
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Lower self-esteem
Frage 47
Frage
What two components are necessary for greater understanding of Theory of Mind?
Antworten
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Executive functioning
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General language ability
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Hippocampal processing
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Advanced perceptual understanding
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Rationalisation
Frage 48
Frage
The Vygotskian view suggests that, for a more advanced understanding of Theory of Mind, children need to learn and practice mental state understanding or perspective taking (Harris, et al., 2005). What is this called?
Antworten
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Mental state awareness
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Mental state talk
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Mental state coercion
Frage 49
Frage
Does Theory of Mind understanding positively correlate with the number of siblings a 3 or 4-year-old has according to Perner (et al., 1994)?
Antworten
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Yes
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No
Frage 50
Frage
According to Astington & Jenkins (1995), does the number of siblings positively correlate with false belief task success particularly with weaker language competency?
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Yes
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No
Frage 51
Frage
Lewis (et al., 1996) analysed families in Cyprus. They found that the ______ family members a child had, the greater their chances of passing false belief tasks. This was especially true with siblings.
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More
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Less
Frage 52
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According to Ruffman (et al., 1998), does social interaction with siblings facilitate social cognition (eg, Theory of Mind)?
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Yes
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No
Frage 53
Frage
Youngblade and Dunn (1995) found that:
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The older the sibling, the more sophisticated the pretence
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The younger the sibling, the more sophisticated the pretence
Frage 54
Frage
Brown and Dunn (1991, 1992) found that most mental state talk occurs with the mother or older sibling(s)?
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Mother
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OIder sibling(s)
Frage 55
Frage
The Ruffman, Slade and Crowe (2002) study was cross-sectional (eg, at one time-point). It gives correlations between the mother and child, but does it give causation?
Antworten
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Yes
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No
Frage 56
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Does mental state talk cause false belief understanding (comes before), or does a mother's use of mental state talk help to facilitate understanding once they have already achieved it (comes after)?
Antworten
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Mental state talk causes false belief understanding (comes before)
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Mental state talk helps to facilitate understanding once they have achieved it (comes after)
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