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1_Object Permanence

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Quiz on 1_Object Permanence, created by murat sertay on 15/08/2016.
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Question 1

Question
Which approach did Piaget (1936, 1953) subscribe to?
Answer
  • Constructivism
  • Behaviourism
  • Evolutionary
  • Biological
  • Sociological

Question 2

Question
When, according to Piaget (1936, 1953), do the first signs of object permanence appear in infants?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 3

Question
According to Piaget's substages, when will an infant lift the cloth to search for a hidden toy?
Answer
  • Before 6 - 7 months
  • 6 - 7 months
  • 8 - 9 months

Question 4

Question
For Piaget, infants tend to consistently make the A-not-B error because they do not have a full understanding of object permanence yet. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 5

Question
Identify one key criticism that can explain why infants consistently make the A-not-B error.
Answer
  • Ancillary deficits (e.g. attention, motor cortices, cognition)
  • Not yet developed full intelligence
  • Lack of self-confidence
  • Lack of resources

Question 6

Question
Invisible displacement is when objects are removed from the view of infants when they are not paying attention. This is often used to test their competency in object permanence and does not fully develop until substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old). Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 7

Question
According to Piaget's substages, infants obtain full understanding of object permanence when infants can:
Answer
  • Understand invisible displacement
  • Can complete accurate A-B searching
  • Can represent stationary objects
  • At 12 months old
  • Understand both invisible displacement and mental representations

Question 8

Question
According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), object permanence research that uses occlusion only works when:
Answer
  • The object moves
  • The object remains still
  • The entire object is separated and moves in different directions
  • The entire object moves as one

Question 9

Question
The findings from Kellman and Spelke's (1983) experiment did little to challenge Piaget's substages. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 10

Question
The Kellman and Spelke (1983) experiment challenge which theory?
Answer
  • Constructivism
  • Nativism
  • Behaviourism
  • All of them
  • None of them

Question 11

Question
Baillargeon (1985, 1987) found that object permanence exists in before infants are 6 months old. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 12

Question
In Baillargeon's (1985, 1987) research, where was the focus of the infants predicated on?
Answer
  • The possible or control event (112 degrees)
  • The impossible event (180 degrees)
  • Neither, it was something else
  • She didn't talk about it
  • None of the above

Question 13

Question
Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling (2000) countered Aguiar and Baillargeon's (1999) findings, by:
Answer
  • Questioning whether infants had object permanence, it was something else (e.g. novelty)
  • Questioning the ethics of the experiment
  • Questioning the ERPs of the infants when observing both the habituation and test phases
  • All of the above
  • They didn't actually question the research

Question 14

Question
Ruffman, Redman, and Slade (2005) investigated the anticipatory looking action done by infants when observing object permanence. It counterargued Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling's (2000) understanding of previous research into object permanence at less than 6 months old. They argued that:
Answer
  • Infants must anticipate what will happen next based on their (limited) understanding, so it cannot be novelty
  • Infants have the motor cognitions pre-birth to understand the basics of object permanence
  • Infants are a lot more understanding of concepts at a younger age than a lot of research tends to argue
  • They didn't argue

Question 15

Question
Ahmed and Ruffman (1998) investigated why infants make A-not-B errors in search tasks, but show memory for hidden object locations in non-search tasks. According to the findings, where were the infants' attention placed the most?
Answer
  • On the impossible (area A) location for the object
  • On the possible (area B) location for the object

Question 16

Question
What could be drawn from Ahmed and Ruffman's (1998) findings on the A-not-B search/non-search experiment?
Answer
  • Infants show some memory understanding of previous object locations
  • Infants still do not show memory understanding of previous object locations
  • Infants cannot infer where an object has previously been
  • The results were inconclusive

Question 17

Question
Some believe that infants do have an understanding of object permanence, however, other variables are too overpowering - such as ancillary deficits (e.g. memory, inhibition, means-end reasoning) - for it to be effective. True or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 18

Question
Some believe that infants don't have understanding of object permanence, only partial. Looking and reaching activate two separate understandings of knowledge (explicit and implicit). Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 19

Question
According to Munakta (1998), the concept of object permanence and graded representation comes in stages and becomes stronger as infants grow older. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 20

Question
There is evidence to suggest that object permanence is innate. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 21

Question
There is evidence to suggest that Piaget's theories on object permanence start earlier than he thought. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 22

Question
According to the theoretical position that infants do not fully grasp object permanence, looking is:
Answer
  • An implicit area of knowledge
  • An explicit area of knowledge
  • Neither
  • Both

Question 23

Question
For infants, what is mental representation?
Answer
  • When they can arrive at solutions to problems rather than through trial-and-error
  • When they can mentally represent the issues in front of them or away from the stimulus
  • When they can mentally represent their models (e.g. parents) away from the stimuli
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Question 24

Question
For infants, what is deferred imitation?
Answer
  • When they expect others to imitate their actions
  • When they can remember and repeat the behaviours of others when not present
  • When they attempt to use their own behaviour and represent them in toys that they have
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Question 25

Question
Deferred imitation is shown to be present in babies:
Answer
  • Less than 2 months old
  • At 4 months old
  • At 6 months old
  • At 8 months old
  • At 12 months old

Question 26

Question
For infants, analogical problem solving is:
Answer
  • When they apply a solution for one problem to a number of others
  • When they apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular
  • When they cannot apply a solution for one problem to a number of others
  • When they cannot apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular

Question 27

Question
For infants, displaced reference is:
Answer
  • Using words to cue images of objects not present
  • Using actions to cue images of objects that are not present
  • Using the environment to cue images of objects that are not present
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Question 28

Question
For infants, goal-oriented or intentional behaviour appears at:
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years)

Question 29

Question
When Piaget hid a toy behind a transparent cover, the infant (between 8 - 12 months old) pushed away his hand to reveal it again. This showed that infants at Substage 4 have understood:
Answer
  • Object permanence
  • Means-end action sequences
  • Invisible displacement
  • Deferred imitation

Question 30

Question
It can be argued that violation-of-expectation fully examples that infants consciously understand object displacement and permanence, both with looking and reaching. Is this true or false?
Answer
  • True
  • False

Question 31

Question
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to examine their own reflexes?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 32

Question
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to use simple motor habits that are centered around the infant's own body?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 33

Question
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now start to aim at repeating interesting effects of their actions in the surrounding world (eg, familiar behaviours)?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 34

Question
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now learn intentional - or goal-directed - behaviour, as well as obtain initial understandings of object permanence?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 35

Question
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to explore the properties of objects by acting in novel ways, imitate novel behaviours, and are able to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B searching)?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1- 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 36

Question
At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now have internal depictions of objects and events (eg, mental representations) when problem-solving, fully understand invisible displacement, deferred imitation, and make-believe play?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 37

Question
A circular reaction is that - circular - because:
Answer
  • Infants attempt to repeat it again and again
  • Infants attempt to replicate it in front of others

Question 38

Question
According to Kaye and Marcus (1981), are infants able to adapt flexibly and quickly enough to imitate novel behaviours?
Answer
  • Yes
  • No

Question 39

Question
For infants, object permanence is the understanding that:
Answer
  • Objects continue to exist when out of their sight
  • Objects continue to exist throughout the rest of their lives

Question 40

Question
At which sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do infants begin to better anticipate future events (eg, seeing their mother putting on their coat and begging them not to leave)?
Answer
  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)
  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)
  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)
  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)
  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)
  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Question 41

Question
What is make-believe play?
Answer
  • When children act out everyday and imaginary scenarios
  • When children deliberately involve their parents into authentic situations

Question 42

Question
For a purely perceptual organism that has no cognition, an object would:
Answer
  • Cease to exist
  • Remain

Question 43

Question
Understanding of an object's continued existence requires what?
Answer
  • Time and space
  • Only time
  • Only space

Question 44

Question
According to Piaget and constructivism, errors in A-B searching show:
Answer
  • Deficits in knowledge
  • Functional impairment
  • Genetic deficiencies

Question 45

Question
For Piaget, babies make errors in object permanence because of knowledge deficits. What does it use?
Answer
  • Gradual construction
  • Innate programming

Question 46

Question
For some others, babies may have full understanding, however, things get in the way. For example, Diamond (1985) suggested it to be memory-based. Butterworth (1975) found that:
Answer
  • Babies still make errors with transparent containers
  • Babies can still identify transparent containers as well

Question 47

Question
Diamond (1985) suggested that understanding comes from inhibition or habit. Horobin and Arcedolo (1986) found that there were:
Answer
  • More deficits when the containers were far apart than close
  • Less deficits when the containers were far apart than close

Question 48

Question
At what stage can babies; accurately search A-B, represent objects when they are invisible (when they are stationary, but not when both invisible and moving), but not handle invisible displacements?
Answer
  • 12-18 months
  • 18-24 months

Question 49

Question
At what stage can babies; handle invisible displacements, represent rather than perceive, and handle full object permanence?
Answer
  • 12-18 months
  • 18-24 months

Question 50

Question
________ is a technique used to dishabituate individuals (primarily children) by going against what they thought was going to happen.
Answer
  • Dishabituation circumstance
  • Violation of expectation
  • Denial of visuality

Question 51

Question
According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), reaching under an occluder...
Answer
  • Only works when the object is separate (or halved)
  • Only works when the entire object is moving in one direction

Question 52

Question
Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that their results:
Answer
  • Criticised Piaget's time scale, because 4-month-olds can do the task as well
  • Supported the Piaget findings

Question 53

Question
Kellman and Spelke's (1983) findings were:
Answer
  • For the Nativist position
  • Against the Nativist position

Question 54

Question
Subsequent findings on what Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that:
Answer
  • Children do not fill in the object, only perceive it
  • Children can perceive the rod as well to be filled (Gestalt)

Question 55

Question
According to subsequent research into the Kellman and Spelke (1983) findings, do children look at the rod more or everything else around it?
Answer
  • Children look at the rod
  • Children don't care about the rod

Question 56

Question
The Baillargeon (1985, 1987) findings supported or criticised the Piaget stance on object permanence?
Answer
  • Evidence of object permanence, one cannot pass through another
  • Not evidence for object permanence, needs more research

Question 57

Question
The effects for total occlusion in the Aguiar and Baillargeon (1999) study showed it to be apparent at what age?
Answer
  • 1 month
  • 2 months
  • 2.5 months

Question 58

Question
According to Ruffman, Slade, and Redman (2005), infants:
Answer
  • Do have to anticipate where the object will be next
  • Do not need to anticipate anything

Question 59

Question
In ancillary deficits, means-end reasoning refers to:
Answer
  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object
  • Searching but getting distracted
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous search task may still be ongoing

Question 60

Question
In ancillary deficits, attention refers to:
Answer
  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object
  • Searching, but also becoming distracted
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous searching may still be ongoing

Question 61

Question
In ancillary deficits, memory refers to:
Answer
  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object
  • Searching, but also becoming distracted
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous task searching may still be ongoing

Question 62

Question
In ancillary deficits, inhibition refers to:
Answer
  • Having to logically reason where an object could be
  • Becoming distracted by searching
  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)
  • Previous task search may still be ongoing

Question 63

Question
Graded representation refers to:
Answer
  • Concepts developing in gradual stages
  • Concepts representing themselves

Question 64

Question
For whom does understanding become 'fuller'?
Answer
  • Piaget
  • Munakata

Question 65

Question
For whom does understanding become 'stronger'?
Answer
  • Piaget
  • Munkata

Question 66

Question
Berk (2012) suggested that babies still make the accurate A-B search error when:
Answer
  • They search in A, watch it go to B, but still look in A anyway
  • They search in A, watch it go to B, and follow it to B

Question 67

Question
"...enables toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement - finding a toy moved while out of sight, such as into a small box while under a cover" Berk (2012). What is this an understanding of?
Answer
  • Mental representation
  • Graded representation

Question 68

Question
In which temporal lobe did infants display a particular brain-wave pattern that is also seen in adults when they sustain a mental image of an object?
Answer
  • Right temporal lobe
  • Left temporal lobe
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