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VCE Psychology Definitions (Unit 2)
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- 1Attitudean evaluation a person makes about an issue, person, event, group or object
- 2Evaluationa judgement made either positive, negative or neutral about some aspect of our lives and the world in which we live
- 3Primary Effectwhere the initial impressions we form of a person are more influential than any later information
- 4Repeated Exposureattitudes can form simply by being exposed to an issue, person, event, group or object repeatedly
- 5Classical Conditioningwhen there is repeated association of two different stimuli
- 6Operant Conditioningbehaviour that is based on the assumption that it will be repeated (or not) if linked to a reward or punishment
- 7Modellingattitudes may be adopted when someone uses observation of another person to guide their future thoughts, feelings and behaviours
- 8Affective Componentfeelings (emotional reactions) an individual has towards an issue, person, event, group or object
- 9Behavioural Componentthe actions or way in which an attitude is expressed
- 10Cognitive Componentthe belief we have about an issue, person, event, group or object
- 11Stereotypecollection of beliefs that we have about people who belong to a certain group, regardless of individual differences among members of that group
- 12Prejudiceholding a negative attitude towards the members of a group based solely on their membership of that group
- 13In-groupany group that you belong to or identify with
- 14OutgroupAny group that you do not belong to or identify with
- 15Intergroup Conflictwhen members of different groups compete to achieve or control something that is wanted by members of each group
- 16Attributionthe process of trying to explain observed behaviour in terms of a particular cause
- 17Cognitive Interventionschanging the way in which someone thinks about prejudice
- 18Mediarelaying information to break down stereotypes
- 19Educationinformation to break down stereotypes and increase awareness of the harm created by prejudice
- 20Equality of Statustwo groups must have equal status in order to reduce prejudice
- 21Sustained ContactCertain types of direct contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice by leading to the re-evaluation of stereotypes
- 22Mutual Interdependencetwo groups in a situation where they are dependent on each other are more likely to break stereotypes
- 23Superordinate Goalsa goal that cannot be achieved by any one group alone and overrides other existing goals that each group may have. leads to cooperation and mutual interdependence
- 24Direct Discriminationwhen someone is treated less favourably than another person in a similar circumstance
- 25Indirect Discriminationwhen a requirement, condition or practice that appears fair actually discriminates against someone
- 26Questionnairewritten set of questions that are used in research as part of a survey method of gathering data
- 27Observational Studieswatching and describing behaviour as it occurs. The behaviour under investigation is clearly visible and can be recorded
- 28Rating Scalesa series of fixed response questions or statements about different aspects of an attitude to which the respondents indicate the extent of their agreement or disagreement
- 29Self Report Methodswritten or spoken answers to questions or statements presented by the researcher. most are compared
- 30Sample Surveycollects information from a carefully selected group of people which the researcher believes has characteristics that are representative of the entire population from which the sample is drawn
- 31Interviewsface-to-face discussions between the researcher and an individual for the purpose of obtaining information
- 32Respecting Rightseach individual has the right to choose whether or not to participate in research and to make the decision from an informed basis. they also have the right to privacy
- 33Obtaining Informed Consentit is essential that the researcher obtain the informed consent of each participant or the participants legal guardian where appropriate
- 34Confidentialitykeeping the information private and prevent access to it by anyone outside the research team except when presenting the research report
- 35Social InfluenceThe effects of the presence or actions of peers either real or imagined on peoples thoughts, feelings or behaviours
- 36Groupany collection of 2 or more people who interact with and influence one another and share a common purpose
- 37Collective or Aggregatea gathering of people who have minimal direct contact
- 38Statusthe importance of an individuals position in a group, as perceived by members of the group
- 39Social Hierarchythe order of dominance of different members of a group, with a 'leader' at the top of the hierarchy
- 40Poweran individual (or groups) ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviours of another person (or group)
- 41Rewardthe ability to give positive consequences or take away negative consequences in response to a specific behaviour
- 42Coerciveto give negative consequence or remove positive consequences in response to a specific behaviour
- 43Legitimatean individuals status or position in a group, institution, or society in general gives them the right to exercise power over those with lower status or less authority
- 44Referentindividuals identify with, want to be like or want to be liked by this person
- 45Experthaving special knowledge and skills that are desirable and needed
- 46Informationalhaving resources or information that are useful and not available elsewhere
- 47Obediencefollowing the commands of someone in authority or the rules and laws in our society
- 48Social Proximitythe closeness between 2 or more people
- 49Legitimacy of Authority Figuresan individual is more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate and having power
- 50Group Pressurean individual is more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure
- 51Conformitytendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings and behaviours in ways which are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group, or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations
- 52Size of Groupconformity increased with a group size up to 4 and than stays the same
- 53Normative Influenceoccurs when a response is guided by social norms
- 54Informational Influencemotivated to make a choice on the basis of information provided to you because you want to be right
- 55Culturethere are cultural differences in conformity
- 56UnaninimatyComplete agreement between all members of the group is likely to encourage the last member to also agree
- 57Social Loafingthe tendency of an individual to make less effort when involved in group activity than when working alone
- 58Peer Groupa group made up of people with similar interests, that do the same sorts of things and interact on equal terms
- 59Peersomeone of similar status
- 60Friendperson involved in a positive 2 way relationship
- 61Cliquerelatively small group of friends of similar age, generally of the same sex
- 62Risk Taking BehaviourBehaviour that has potential negative consequences
- 63Antisocial BehaviourBehaviour that is unacceptable for adults and adolescents
- 64Rebellious Behaviouractivities that are acceptable for adults but not for adolescents
- 65Thrill Seeking Riskschallenging but relatively socially accepted activities
- 66Reckless Behavioursoften thrill seeking but less socially acceptable and have negative social or health related risks
- 67Rolethe behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them, that influences the way they act in different situations
- 68Social Relationsthe connection or association between two or more people, especially with regard to how they think, feel and behave toward each other
- 69Social Behaviourany behaviour which interaction occurs between two or more people. eg. smiling
- 70Antisocial Behaviourany behaviour that is disruptive or harmful to the well being or property of another person or to the functioning of a group or society
- 71Prosocial BehaviourAny behaviour intended to help or benefit another person, group or society
- 72Bystander Effectthe tendency for individuals to be less likely to help another person in need when other bystanders are present, or believed to be present, as compared to when they are alone
- 73Empathythe ability to identify with and understand another person feeling or problems
- 74Social Influencesthe effects of the presence or actions of others, either real or imagined, on the way people think, feel and behave
- 75Altruismthe desire to help others for their sake without seeking personal gain or reward
- 76Aggressionany behaviour intended to cause physical or psychological harm to a person (including self), animal or object
- 77Violencemore harmful acts of aggression
- 78Angeran emotion that consists of strong personal feelings of displeasure in response to a perceived harmful act
- 79Hostilitya negative attitude towards another person or group.
- 80Bullyinga type of aggressive behaviour that involves the inappropriate use of power by one or more persons over another less powerful person or group and is generally an act that is repeated over time
- 81Intelligence (widely accepted)the ability to learn from experience, acquire knowledge, reason, problem solve, deal with people and objects and adapt to the environment
- 82Linguisticlanguage and words
- 83MusicalPitch and Rhythm
- 84Logical-MathematicalOrder and Sequence
- 85SpatialForming images and rotating them in 3D
- 86Bodily-Kinaestheticbody movements, physical
- 87InterpersonalUnderstanding ones own feelings and behaving appropriately
- 88Intrapersonalunderstanding others moods, motivations and intentions
- 89Naturalisticability to recognise and characterise natural objects
- 90Existentialability to raise and consider questions about life, death and existence
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- Just a flashcard pack of the definitions used in VCE psychology Unit 2
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- alexandra.carr
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