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18th-century colonial American society: cities, class and poverty
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- 1By the middle of the eighteenth century, the thirteen colonies were?Growing and maturing.
Schools and college's standard
living was rising - 2Colonists were able to read about the late ideas circulating in?London England
- 3Colonists were purchasing the latest consumer goods from?Europe
- 4Luxury goods being bought/ soldJewelry, fine clothing, and beaver hats
- 5Priest felt that...The wealthy were ignoring their commitment to Christian ideals.
- 61714, a Bostonian was quoted?"Great extravagance that people are fallen into, far beyond their circumstances, in their purchases, buildings, families, expenses
, apparel generally in their whole way of living". - 7SpecieGold and Silver
- 8English Merchants required Americans buy goods usingSpecie Gold and silver
- 9How did the merchants handle the shortage in SpecieBartering, tobacco, and rice.
- 10The issue with Money would becomewhat kind and how much
would become a major dispute between the colonies and Britain. - 11Colonies in the Seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesThey were mostly Farmers or farm workers.
- 12however, a handful of cities blossomed into dynamic centers of?Political and social life
- 13What drove some of these colonies like New York?Economic opportunity
a visitor said the "art of getting money."
dominated everything the residents did. - 14Places like Philadelphia, New your, Boston, Charleston,South Carolina, and Newport, Rhode Island, had Influence on the kindon commerce, politics, society, and
culture. - 15By the end of the Colonial period Philadelphia had30,000 people and was the largest city in the colonies.
- 16New York25,000 ranked second
- 17Boston16,000
- 18Charleston,South Carolina12,000
- 19Newport, Rhode Island11,000
- 20The Social and Political order in order of... High ClassWealthy merchants and property owners
- 21Middle Class Almost two-thirds of urban male workers were.Shop owners, innkeepers, and skilled artisans include carpenters, coopers (barrel makers), Shoemakers and tailors, silversmiths and blacksmiths, sailmakers, stonemasons, weavers, and potters.
- 22Lower Class (Bottom)sailors, manual laborers, servants
and enslaved laborers. - 23Killer Epidemics such asCholera, malaria, and yellow fever were
common. - 24Fires and a rise in crime lead to.Fire companies required increase
policing by sheriffs and local militias - 25the ubran became concerned about who?The poor and the homeless
- 26Boston's poor receiving aide rose in the 1700's500
- 27Boston's Poor in 17364000
- 28New York receiving aide 1698250
- 29New York 1770's5000
- 30The homeless helplessThey were often provided money, food, clothing, and fuel.
- 31The homelessIn some city, they created poor houses
and provided with jobs - 32Citizenship in the EmpireCitizenship in the Empire
- 33What were immigrants given to entice them to immigrate to AmericaBirthright citizenship
Opportunity to acquire the same civil rights as those born in the colonies. - 34NaturalizationPolicies outlining the path to citizenship
typically included acquiring property, voting, holding office, and receiving royal land grants. - 35South Carolina's law"by their industry, diligence, and trade [immigrants] have very much enriched and advanced t his colony and settlement thereof"
- 36England sought to restrict immigration to the home country, fearing who would undermine the church of England.Presbyterians, baptists, Quakers, and Methodists.
- 37British Americawelcomed immirgants
- 38England was also fearful ofNaturalized immigrants, if given the right to vote and hold office, might endanger our ancient polity and government and, by frequent intermarriage, go a great way to blot out and extinguish the English race.
- 39Parliament passed the Naturalization Act when.1740 to sustain high levels of immigration to British America
- 40The British EmpireIt was announced that immigrants living in America for seven years would become subjects in the British Empire after swearing a loyalty oath and providing proof that they were Protestants.
- 41Papistsa disparaging term for Roman Catholics
- 42English wanted to exclude who from the Naturalization ActRoman Catholics did not make exceptions for Jews.
- 43The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
- 44EnlightenmentA revolution in thought began in Europe in the seventeenth century, emphasizing reason and science over the authority and myths of traditional religion.
- 45America and European Enlightenment In the Seventeenth CenturyAmerica grew out of aburst of intellectual activity. The Enlightenment celebrated rational inquiry, scientific research, and individual freedom. A people were those who sought truth wherever it might lead.
- 46Immanuel KantThe eighteenth-century German philosopher summed up the Enlightenment point of view as follows: "Dare to know! Have the courage to use your understanding." He and others applied the power of reason to analyze the workings of nature, employing new tools like microscopes and telescopes to look closer, scientific experimentation, and precise mathematical calculation.
- 47The Age of Reason in AmericaThe Age of Reason in America
- 481533 Nicolaus CopernicusPolish astronomer and Catholic priest, , asserted that the Earth and other planets orbit the sun. Catholic officials did not like his theory until scientists later confirmed it using telescopes.
- 49Isaac Newton 1687An Englishman announced his transformational theory of the earth's gravitational pull. I believe it had the wrong view, but natural law is different from God's law. Again, it worships the creation instead of the creator.
- 50DeistsCarried Newton's scientific outlook to its logical conclusion. Claiming that God created the world and designed its natural law.
They also said God no longer interacted directly with Earth and its people.
I do not agree with that part. - 51Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin DeistsThe best way to improve society and human nature was by cultivating reason, which was the highest virtue.
- 52Enlightened FreethinkersRefused to allow the church and state to limit what they could study and investigate.
- 53John LockeAn English Philosopher maintained that natural law called for a government that rested on the consent of the governed and respected natural rights.
- 54The Rights of Natural Law wereHuman rights, political liberty, and religious toleration would later influence colonial leaders' efforts to justify a revolution.
- 55The American Enlightenmentwas best exemplified by Benjamin Franklin
Born in Boston in 1706, he left home at sixteen and bound for Philadelphia. Six years later, he bought a printer shop and edited and published the Pennsylvania Gazette newspaper. - 56Benjamin Franklin (2)His newspaper prospered, and his reputation grew. Franklin celebrated the virtues and benefits of self-reliance, hard work, and public service. He taught himself to read in four languages. Before retiring at forty-two, he founded a public library, started a fire company, helped create what became the University of Pennsylvania, and organized a debating club that fell into the American Philosophical Society.
- 57Benjamin Franklin (3)He was an inventive genius whose wide-ranging experiments extended to the fields of medicine, meteorology, geology, astronomy, and physics.
He developed the Franklin stove, the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a glass harmonica. - 58The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening
- 59The Great AwakeningEnlightenment posed a direct threat to traditional religious life. the early eighteenth century, American colonies had a revival of spiritual zeal.
- 60Christian Congregation was establishedFrom 1700 to 1750, revival restored emotion in the religious realm. a hundred new Christian congregations were founded.
- 61the church of England Puritan Congregationalism was the official faith in most of New England.It was the established church in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and the Carolinas.
- 62Anglicanism Vied with the Dutch Reformed Church for ControlWas the faith in New York
- 63PennsylvaniaIt had no state-supported church, but Quakers dominated the Legislative assembly.
- 64New Jersey and Rode IslandIt had no official denomination and hosted numerous Christian splinter groups.
- 65Religious lifeMost colonies organized religious life around local parishes. In colonies with official tax-supported religions, people of other faiths could not preach without permission from the parish.
- 66ItinerantsIn 1730 and 1740, the arrival of traveling evangelists threw the parish system into turmoil. Who claimed that most local parish ministers were incompetent. In their emotionally charged sermons, the itinerant, several of whom were white women and African Americans, insisted that Christians must be reborn in their conviction and behavior.
- 67The Great Awaking (2)Emotional religious revival movement that swept the thirteen colonies from 1730-1740. Worries about the erosion of religious fervor helped spark this Great Awakening.
- 68The Great Awaking (3)The revival spread up and down the Atlantic coast. The highly emotional gatherings divided congregations, towns, and families and fueled popular new denominations, especially the Baptists and Methodists.
- 69The Great Awaking (4)Benjamin Franklin admitted that the Great Awakening was profoundly affecting social life. Religion was becoming the subject of most conversations.
The Awaking was the first popular movement before the American Revolution that affected thirteen colonies. As such, it helped create ties across the colonies that would later help coordinate revolutionary activities against the British government. - 70Johnathan Edwards 1734-1735A spiritual transformation occurred in the congregation of Jonathan Edwards., a prominent Congregationalist minister in the Massachusetts town of Northampton.
A brilliant philosopher and theologian, Edwards entered Yale College in 1716 at the age of 13 and graduated at the top of his class four years later. - 71Northampton 1727The town lacked religious conviction shocked Edwards. He claimed the young people were preoccupied with sinful pleasures and indulged in lewd practices that corrupted others.
- 72Edwards (2)He warned Northampton that Christians had become obsessed with making and spending money. He felt that controversial ideas from the Enlightenment were eroding the importance of religious life.
- 73Edwards (3) 1735His vivid descriptions of the torments of hell and the delight of heaven helped rekindle spiritual intensity among his congregants. By 1735, he said that the town seemed to be full of God's presence. It had never been so full of love and Joy.
- 74Edwards (4) 1741Edwards delivered his most famous sermon. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.
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