Karteikarten
Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology & Communication
Karten in diesem Stapel (63)
- 1Type of neuron which connects other neuronsInter-neuron
- 2Type of neuron which connects aSensory neuron
- 3Type of neuron that connects to an effector (ie skeletal muscle or gland)Motor Neuron
- 4Name 3 roles of Glial cells- Remove debris via phagocytosis
- Physically support neuron and produce myelin sheath
- maintain homeostatic environment around neurons - 5Direction of travel of impulse in neuronFrom dendrite through cell body to terminal of axon
- 6Affect of incomplete myelination in early yearsresponses to stimuli are not as rapid or co-ordinated
- 7Type of neural pathway from senses to CNSConverging
- 8Type of pathway from CNS to effectorsdiverging
- 9Type of pathway which allows impulse to be recycledReverberating
- 10Function of myelin sheathinsulate the axon, increasing the speed of impulse conduction from node to node
- 11The nervous system can be split into what two sub-systemsCentral Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord)
Peripheral Nervous System - 12The peripheral Nervous System contains which 2 sub-systems?Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System - 13What is function of autonomic nervous systemRegulate heart rate, rate of breathing, rate of intestinal secretions, peristalsis in gut
- 14What is function of somatic nervous systemcontrol voluntary movement of skeletal muscles, and some reflex actions
- 15which term describes the relationship between the 2 pathways of the autonomic nervous systemantagonistic
- 16Which part of the brain controls the autonomic system?Medulla
- 17Which part of the brain controls balance, posture and movementCerebellum
- 18Which part of the brain is the centre for conscious thought, recall of memories and alteration of behaviour due to experinceCerebral Cortex
- 19What is the role of the corpus callosumto transfer information from one hemisphere of the cerebrum to the other
- 20Name 3 areas of localized brain functions in the cerebral cortexAny from
-motor areas
-sensory areas
association areas concerning language, personality, imagination and intelligence - 21Which system process information for memories and influences emotional and motivational statesLimbic system
- 22What is increased and decreased by the para-sympathetic pathway?Increased: Peristalsis & Intestinal Secretions
Decreased: Heart Rate and Breathing - 23What is increased and decreased by the Sympathetic pathway?Increased: Heart Rate & Breathing
Decreased: Peristalsis & Intestinal Secretions - 24Segregation of objectsFigure and ground
- 25Perception of distanceBinocular disparity
- 26recognition of objectsby SHAPE rather than detail
- 273 factors of perpetual set which influence way in which stimuli is percieved- past experience
- context
-expectation - 28say 4 things about memory span- It is the capacity of short term memory
- can hold approx 7 items of information
- for approx 30s
- before information is displaced by new information
- rehearsal can extend memory span
- chunking information can increase amount of info held - 29stages of making a memory- information is encoded and passes through sensory memory
- selected information enters STM
- info can be transferred to LTM or discarded - 30what is the term called for access information stored in the long term memoryretrieval
- 31what is working memoryan extension of STM for performing cognitive tasks
- 32Name 3 methods for transfer information from STM to LTM- Elaboration of meaning
- Rehearsal
- Organisation - 33Describe rehearsalrepeating information over and over to memorize it (shallow encoding)
- 34organisationgrouping information with related information
- 35elaborationaddition of extra information so that new information is linked with existing information
- 36Where is spatial memory foundlimbic system
- 37Which 2 types of memory are found in the cerebral cortexEpisodic and Semantic
- 38What type of memories are linked to the motor cortex?Procedural memories (ie how to do things)
- 39Emotional memories link which 2 systemsCerebral cortex and limbic
- 40describe how an impulse is transferred from one neuron to the next- when impulse reaches axon terminal it stimulates vesicles containing a neurotransmitter to fuse with the cell membrane
- the NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft & binds with receptors on post-synaptic neuron's dendrites
-when sufficient receptors are stimulated, a threshold is reached triggering an impulse - 41explain filtering out of weak stimuliFor an impulse to be triggered in post-synaptic neuron, a sufficient number of receptors must be stimulated. When this threshold isn't reached no impulse is triggered and the weak stimuli is filtered out
- 42Explain summationin converging pathways, 2 or more neurons are releasing a neurotransmitter to one post-synaptic neuron. Therefore it is more likely that a sufficient number of receptors will be stimulated (threshold reached) triggering impulse
- 43What is plasticity of responseThe brains ability to develop new neural pathways
- 44What 3 things can cause plasticity of repsonse- new pathways forming after brain damage/injury
- the learning of new skills
- development in early years - 45descibe what is meant by minor plasticitythe suppression of reflex actions (not blinking) or the response to stimuli (ignoring distractions)
- 46what neurotransmitter is involved in the reward pathwaydopamine
- 47what neurotransmitter is involved in the para-sympathetic pathwayAcetylcholine
- 48what neurotransmitter is involved in the Sympathetic pathwayNoradrenaline
- 49what neurotransmitter is involved in the reduction of pain intensityEndorphins
- 50Explain the affect of antagonist drugs (2marks)(1) bind to neurotransmitter receptors blocking neurotransmitter
(1) over time this results in an increase in receptor sensitivity and/or number of receptors to compensate - 51Explain the affect of agonist drugs (2marks)(1) mimic neurotransmitters and bind to neurotransmitter receptors
(1) over time this overstimulation results in desensitisation meaning a decrease in receptor sensitivity and/or number of receptors to compensate - 52Name 4 affects of recreational drugs on neural pathways- stimulate the release of neurotransmitters
imitate action of neurotransmitters
-block the binding of neurotransmitters to receptors
-inhibit reabsorption or enzyme degradation of neurotransmitters - 53What is important for future stable relationships in the early years of life?Secure infant attachment
- 54Human behaviour may be learned byobservation and imitation
- 55Reinforcement isreward of actions leading to likelihood of being repeated
- 56Shaping isis reward of behaviour that approximates a desired behaviour
- 57What is term for same response to different but similar stimuligeneralisation
- 58explain the term social facilitationimprovement of performance due to competition or by being watched by others
- 59Explain extinctionwhen behaviour patterns are not rewarded they are likely to disappear
- 60explain the term de-individuation- loss of personal identity with a group
- leading to diminished restraints on behaviour - 61what is term for being able to distinguish between different but related stimuli so that different responses can be madediscrimination
- 62What term describes a changing of beliefs as a result of persuasioninternalisation
- 63what term describes the changing of beliefs to be more like an admired, influencing personidentification
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- Karteikarten am Higher Human Biology Unit 3 Neurobiology & Communication, erstellt von Lewis Atha am 28/04/2016.
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