Karteikarten
chapter 1
Karten in diesem Stapel (55)
- 1Polar/Hydrophilic/Lipophobicdissolves in water
molecules move through membrane without using phospholipids
very low permeability
Eg: Glucose, ions, charged polar molecules - 2Non Polar/Hydrophobic/lipophilicInsoluble in water
molecules use lipid part of membrane to cross
high permeability
Eg: CO2, O2, ethanol - 3Fluid Mosaic Modelplasma membrane is a collage of many different proteins embedded in fluid matrix of lipid bilayer
- 4Lipid Bilayermain fabric of membrane (semi permeable)
- 5Integral (trans) Proteinstake up the entire width of membrane
used for transport; specifically facilitated diffusion
Eg: channel and carrier mediated proteins - 6Lipidsorganic molecules that are insoluble in water (composed of C and H)
Eg: triglycerides, steroids, phospholipids - 7Triglycerideneutral fats stored in vacuoles within the cytoplasm of cells
- 8Steroidchemical messengers (complex structures)
Eg: cholesterol - 9Cholesterolcontrols simple diffusion or permeability of selective substances
maintains fluidity and stabiltiy of membrane
(takes place at its optimum) - 10Micellesingle layer of phospholipids
- 11liposomebilayer (two layers of phospholipid)
- 12Phospholipidsa lipid containing a phosphate group in its hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails
used for transport (simple diffusion) - 13Glycoproteins/Glycolipidsproteins that have a carbohydrate (glucose) chain attached
used in cell to cell recognition - 14Peripheral proteinsloosely attached to other proteins in membrane via hydrogen bond
they sit outside the membrane
a stimulus causes a cellular response
Eg: enzymes, receptors - 15Carrier Proteinintegral protein embedded within the plasma membrane through which molecules are moved via active transport
- 16Active transportmovement of a molecule against its concentration gradient via a carrier protein
ATP is required - 17Facilitated Diffusionthe net, passive movement of molecules across a biological membrane via a channel protein
- 18Simple Diffusionthe passive net movement of a molecule down the concentration gradient (from region with a high concentration to region with a low concentration of that molecule) toward a point of equilibrium
- 19Internal Environmentthe fluid surrounding a cell within a multicellular organism
- 20osmosisthe passive net movement of water molecules through a semi permeable membrane from a region with a low solute concentration to a region with high solute concentration
- 21Polar moleculemolecule composed of atoms that held together by covalent bonds in which electrons are shared unequally
- 22Non-Polar moleculesmolecule composed of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds in which electrons are not shared equally
- 23Channel Proteinan integral protein embedded in plasma membrane through which molecules too large or too polar to cross the bilayer are able to move by facilitated diffussion
- 24amino acida simple organic compound containing a carboxyl group, an amino group and a functional (R) group
- 25amino acid residuean amino acid within a polypeptide (having lost water due to the condensation bond that holds amino acids together- peptide bond)
- 26centrioleeach pair of tiny cylindrical organelles found in animal cell. they are involved in the organisation of spindle fibres during cell division, and in movement of flagella
Eg: in sperm tail - 27condensation reactiona chemical reaction in which two molecules join together to make a larger molecule and in the process a water molecule is released
- 28covalent bonda type of chemical bond between metals and non-metals in which electron pairs are shared between atoms
- 29cytoskeletonnetwork of filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of a cell which supports the shape of the cell and provides stability to the location of the organelles within it
- 30endocytosisthe process by which cells take in matter from their environment by engulfment
- 31endoplasmic reticuluma network of folded channels throughout a eukaryotic cell, composed of biological membrane
- 32exocytosisa process by which contents of a cell are released and to the environment by the fusion of a vacuole or vesicle containing the substance to be released fusing with the plasma membrane
- 33gene expressiona term which describes the processes by which information decoded in a gene is used to create a gene product (often a protein) it includes transcription, RNA, modification and translation
- 34golgi bodya complex of folded membrane sacs and vesicles within the cells of multicellular eukaryotic organisms responsible for modification and packaging of proteins for export from cell
- 35lysosomemembrane bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells containing hydrolytic enzymes that break down proteins and other biomacromolecules when lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles
- 36mitochondriaplural of mitochondrion
- 37mitochondriondouble membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cell. the site of all stages of cellular respiration, except for first stage (glycolysis), and therefore the major site of ATP production in most eukaryotic cells
make ATP to ensure bulk and active transport take place - 38nuclear envelope/membranedouble membrane surrounding and enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell
- 39nuclear poresmall protein lined channel (pore) through the nuclear membrane which allows the passage of some molecules (such as RNA and ATP) out of and into the nucleus
- 40nucleolusa dense, dark staining structure screen within the nucleus during interphase
it is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) production - 41organelleany discrete organised and specialised structure within a cell which has a specific function
- 42phagocytosisendocytosis involving the ingestion of solid substance by engulfment
- 43pinocytosisendocytosis involving the ingestion of a fluid substance by engulfment
- 44polypeptidea polymer consisting of a large number of amino acid residues bonded together in a chain, forming part or the whole protein
- 45proteina large organic molecule composed of on or more polypeptide chains
- 46ribosomesmall cellular structure composed of ribosomal RNA and protein
it is the site of mRNA translation and polypeptide synthesis - 47rough endoplasmic reticulumER which has ribosomes bound to its surface
rough ER is involved in transport of proteins throughout the cell - 48smooth endoplasmic reticulumER which does not have ribosomes bound to its surface
smooth ER is involved in transport of lipids and other substances throughout the cell - 49transcriptionthe process by which the information encoded in the template strand of a gene is copied into a complementary molecule of mRNA within the nucleus of a cell
- 50translationthe process by which mRNA strand is 'read' according to specific base-pairing rules by tRNA molecules at the ribosome, resulting in the production of the polypeptide that is encoded by the gene from which the mRNA was transcribed
- 51vacuolea vesicle within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell enclosed by a fluid membrane and containing a fluid
- 52vesiclesmall fluid filled sac
- 53hypotonicnet osmosis in (cell bursts)
placed in substance with low solute concentration
Animal cell: lysed
Plant cell: turgid - 54hypertonicno net osmosis (equilibrium)
Animal cell: normal
Plant cell: flaccid - 55hypertonicnet osmosis out
Placed in substance with high solute concentration
Animal cell: shrivelled (crenation)
Plant cell: plasmolysed
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- Year 11 Biology (How do cellular processes work (AOS1)) Karteikarten am chapter 1, erstellt von Tali Paltin-Eliahu am 20/02/2017.
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- Tali Paltin-Eliahu
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