Karteikarten
Mao's china
Karten in diesem Stapel (64)
- 1What was the aftermath of the civil war for the communists?Strengthened Mao's position
Showed that they were capable of managing both urban and rural problems
Extended areas of comm control
Non-comms were accepting - 2What was the impact of the civil war on China's industry, agriculture and infrastrucutre?food production 30% lower than pre war
20% urban pop relied on surpluses from rural areas
Industrial production at 25% pre-war level
Inflation stood at 1000%
Henan province famine killed 2-3mill - 3What was the long term state of China's industry, agriculture and infrastructure?Not yet experienced an industrial revolution
only 2 provinces had transport and communication systems, first radio 49
farming methos were basic and labour intensive
only 15% land was cultivatable
1945 70% industry was state-owned
population rapidly growing i.e. 541-587mill 49-53 - 4How was the comm party organised?Collective leadership supposedly, hard to oppose Mao
Limited to those who could prove commitment: 500mill pop only 4.5mill members
Leading CCP officials held key roles - 5What was the role of the PLA?Acted as means of indoctrination and control
1950 world's largest army: 5mill+ men
consumed 40% state budget
1957 reduced to 2.5 mill - 6Describe the bureaucracyBureaucrats grew 720,000 to 8mill 49-59
China's six regions split into 21 provinces, 5 autonomous border regions and 2 urban centres
power distributed to CPPCC, National people's congress and state council - 7What were Mao's main ideas?Nationalism
Continuous revolution
listening to people
mass mobilisation - 8Describe the growth of democratic centralisation'Democratic' part theoretical: decisons controlled by CCP
'Centralism' aspect: decisions made by senior officials and role of gov to work out what was best - 9Outline the three antis movementLaunched at the end of 1951 following the arrest of 2 CCP officials
Designed to 'clean up' comm party
small scale embezzlement: flies
larger crimed: tigers
end of 52: 100,000 'tigers' executed - 10Outline the five antis movementLaunched Jan 52
'five' antis were: bribery, tax evasion, theft of state property, fraud, economic espionage
1% shot, 1% labour camps, 3%jailed, remaining fined - 11How was terror used by the comms?Labelling was used to categorise people into 'good' and 'bad' classes
Workers assigned to work units
Crime crackdown- 150,000 'nuisances' arresed and removed from cities
'The Great Terror' 716,000-2mill killed - 12Describe the reunification campaigns49-50
Xinjiang, Tibet and Guandong targeted
X: became security buffer zone
T: invasion Oct 1950 after being independent since 1913, came under Chinese control May 51 due to poor defece
G: GMD heartland end of CW, PLA took over 2 weeks after PRC declared - 13The Laogai systemCamps meant for re-education
9/10 inmates were political prisoners
1953 2mill prisoners, 1955 300,000 more
V.poor conditions i.e. sleep deprivation, 49-76 25mill deaths and extreme violence
cAMPS contributed 7000mill yuan and 350,000 tonnes grain - 14The Hundered flowers campaignMao called for debate 56 following success of 15YP
Critics slow to surface and so Mao cotinued to urge debate e.g. through the People's Daily paper
Following suggestions, Mao turned and critics branded as rightists
Tightened Mao's control - 15How did the Korean War enhance CCP control?Used to promote national unity i.e. huge anti-USA propaganda campaigns 52
Mao launched Great Terror Oct 1950 when PLA went to North Korea
Pressured people into donating - 16How did the Korean War enhance international prestige?Fought to defend Communism- seen as more powerful than Russia
Armies looked strong as withheld those of USA
H/ever USA became enemy e.g. refused admission to UN
and realised been misled by Stalin - 17What were the human costs of the Korean War?Estimated 1mill lives lost - sim scale to Britain in WW1
Deaths mostly of conscripts (volunteers)
deaths not important to Mao - 18What were the financial costs of the Korean War?Economy refocused to sustsain 3 years of war
1951 over 50% gov spending on military
first half 1951 30% fall in foreign trade
Had to pay for Soviet expertise
sacrificed China's own industrial growth - 19Describe the attacks on landlordismVillagers were labelled (landlord--> labourer)
1950 Agrarian reform law aimed to eradicate exploitation of peasants
Villagers carried out killings: power
end of 51: 10mill landlords lost land, 40% land changed hands, 700,000-3mill deaths - 20What were the steps towards agricultural co-operation?Moved towards collectivisation
1951: groupsof 10 families formed MAT's
pooled labour equipment+animals, retained rights of private ownership, those who didn't join risked persecution
1952: groups of 40-50 families formed APC's
land was pooled together, profits shared at end of year, larger holding families able to keep some land - 21What were the steps towards enforced collectivisation?most APCs 200-300 households, only 14% households in APCs March 55
Jan 55 formation of APCs halted for 18months
July 55 collectivisation enforced 17-75mill households in APCs Jul55-Jan56
State owned production of food+land 90% population - 22What were Mao's reasons for launching the communes?To maximise food production: pool larger resources of equipmrnt snd increase efficiency
To continue revolution: would mobilise 600 people - 23How were the communes organised?Consisted of 9000+ households
Once in commune, not possible to move
production of food and industry given equal priority - 24What was communal living like?Peasants all ate together and slept together
Local services i.e. education, public health and creches provided
Competetive edge meant workers only meant to have 6 hours sleep every 2 days - 25How was private farming abolished?Joining system was compolsury and made to surrender all private property once joined
Theoretically no need for personal possessions
Lack of rewards led to a lack of incentive - 26What were the causes of The Great Famine?climate of fear, adverse weather conditions, demotivated peasants, experts purged in anti-rightist campaign, application of Lysenkoism
- 27What was the impact of the Great Famine?Humans resorted to prostitution, cannibalism and people selling
Estimated 30-50 mill deaths
most serious in rural areas e.g. in Tibet where 25% pop was killed
Worst famine of 20th century - 28What were the emergency actions taken?Mao reisgned as chairman of CCP, Liu+ Deng given control 1962
1961 grain exports from Canada, Australia and USA
Communes split into smaller collecitves and then abolished - 29What were the First Five Year Plan's targets?To make the PRC self-sufficient
To channel resources into heavy industry and away from consumer goods
Bring and end to private ownsership
Keep wages and food prices low - 30Why was the Soviet Model used?Had enabled Stalin to defeat Nazi Germany
Russia was an inspriation to China
Could not access help from the West - 31What was the nature of the support from Russia?Loan of $300mill to be repayed with interest
10,000 civillian technicians sent over- high salaries to be paid by the Chinese
Influence over Chinese culture e.g. education and architecture - 32What were the plan's successes?Economic growth of 9% per year
Urban living improved due to job security and higher wages
Urban pop grew 57-100mill
most sectors reached targets: Steel 130%, Coal 115%, Cement 115% - 33What were the plan's failures?Soviet guidance highlighted poor education e.g. 1956 less than half under 16's in school
Targets emphaises quantity not quality
Rural conditions deteriorated: food exported to Russia or cities + Lysenkoism - 34What were Mao's reasons for launching the GLF?PERSONAL: was highly confident, collectivisation had been achieved and 58 provincial tour succesful
POLITICAL: to show Soviet Union China could act independently
demonstrate cresidentials as world leader
IDEOLOGICAL: mass peasant mobilisation - 35Describe State-Owned EnterprisesAll businesses were nationalised
The state set prices, targets and wages
Workers were guaranteed jobs, wages, education/health benefits
Removed incentives to work harder and was inefficient - 36How was the plan structured?DECENTRALISATION: move to decentralise economic activity, more freedom to local cadres
BACKYARD FURNACES: 25% pop abandoned other activities to work on these
Aimed to produce as much steel as poss i.e.57-61 aims to quadruple
Sep-Oct 58 % of steel from scheme rose 14-49 - 37What were the plans successes?Raw material output increased e.g. steel 5.4-10mill
- 38What were the plans failures?1962 output: half heavy good and 75% light goods of 58 output
targets quantity not quality
steel realised to be pig iron
Ecological consequences i.e. soil erosion + flooding
BYF drain on food production - 39Lushan Conference 1959Called to asses GLF
Only Peng Duhai stood up and was purged
Showed no-one could speak against Mao
China continued GLF with force - 40Outline the Third Five Year PlanLiu+ Deng were put in charge --> pragmatic approach
Communes shut down and more realistic targets announced
Shift back to centralised control--> prodcution back at 57 level
Relaxed persecution of failure to meet targets etc - 41Why were there divisions within the CCP?35YP was seen as a more pragmatic approach, Liu+ Deng labelled as 'capitalist roaders'
Socialist Education Movement 63: chance to get back at pragmatics
Divide became apparent at 7000 cadre conference Jan 62 - 42Why was Mao so keen on permanent revolution?Mass mobilisation imporant as those who helped to make changes would fight to defend them
Feared a drift into revisionism
Young people yet to experience revolutionary struggle i.e antis campaigns 15 years prior
Socialist Education Movement 63 a way to regenerate revoltuonary drive - 43Why were there attacks on the bureaucracy?Mao feared new people in bureaucracy were only motivated by priveleges of power+ would lose touch with masses
Urban intellectuals critical of GLF- act of revenge
Mao wanted peasants at centre of rev - 44Conflict between Mao's supporters and opponentsMain supporters: Lin Biao, Jiang Qing, Chen Boda, Jang Sheng (Gang of Four/ CR group)
Main opponents: Liu Shaoqui, Chen Yun, Deng XIapoing, Bo Yibo
Liu Shaoqui removed from post as chosen succesor 1962
CR a way to attack opponents - 45Why did Mao have/want to have a hold on young people?To ensure long term survivial of comm party, mass rallies made young feel important
1966 carrying copy of LRB made necessary
Eager to join party to prove devotion to Mao- especially those who did not have party links - 46Describe the mass rallies of 1966?1st- 18th August 66 (first of eight)
1mill Red Guards present
Lin Biao instructed attacks on four olds
Identified targets and ensured sense of solidarity
PLA helped to transport between provinces + Beijing (highlighted their organisation) - 47Describe the attacks on the 'Four Olds'Culture, customs, habits, ideas
Shop+street names were changed, houses raided for bourgeois possesions, Western influences targeted, Religion+ 'old' Public worship banned and temples attacked
Fam units destroyed
7mill+ books destoyed - 48Describe the growth of anarchy and terrorFew restrictions on what the RG could do, splits amongst them emerged Jan Storm 67
Attacks became more systematic and names of 'bad' classes given to RG
500,000-2mill estimated deaths, Beijing Aug-Sep-1800 lives, GoF accused of 1/2mill deaths, Babaoshan crematorium disposed of 2000 bodies in a 2 week period alone - 49Describe cultural destructionDeemed as one of 'four olds'
RG destroyed 2/3 of 7000 culturally important places- broke into 100,000 homes
Attack on Confucius town of Qufu lasted 4 weeks- books, paintings, graves + monuments attacked - 50How was Liu Shaoqui attacked?Accused of taking 'capitalist road' and being overly pragmatic
OCT 66 dismissed from gov position- wall posters portrayed as betrayers
Dragged from house+ beaten, forced into struggle sessions and imprisoned in poor conditions, denied pneumonia treatment and died 68 - 51How was Deng Xiaping attacked?Accusedof being too pragmatic+independant
Oct 66 dismissed from gov position
Subject to public humiliation and sent to perform corrective labour in tractor factory
son paralysed by red guards
Survived + reinstated in party 1973 - 52How was Lin Biao attacked?Replaced Liu as designated succesor 69
Mao feared his popularity and began to undermine him i.e. attacking Chen Boda
Rumours Lin+son trying to seize power and assasinate Mao
Plane crashed as they tried to escape - 53How was Zhou Enlai attacked?Premier of PRC and foreign minister
Spoke+ acted out against CR
Managed to avoid being purged by also demonstrating loyalty e.g. telling Mao about Lin's plans
Died of cancer 76 and was refused treatment - 54Describe the attacks on capitalist roaders?Label used to justify enemy attacks
CCRG developed 'cleansing of class ranks' campaign cuusing 100,000 deaths
Attacks largely focued in Urban Areas- Ind production down by 13%
Not exclusive to Chinese i.e 67 RG attacked British Embassy - 55Describe the purging of CCP membership?Highest ranking members mostly targeted:
2/3 Central Committee purged, only 9/23 Politburo members held onto positions, 4/6 regional party secretaries purged
PLA got larger infuence in party e.g. 25/29 first secretaries lost jobs to PLA officers
At Local level: 20% party officials purged and 3mill cadres sent to cadre schools - 56How did the comms get rid of foot binding?Procedure that restricted foot growth to 3 inches- sign of beauty + restricted movement
Challenged in 19th century and outlawed in 1911 but comms completely banned when came to power
Book: WIld Swans highlights brutality - 57What did the 1950 Marriage Law do?Changed basis of marriage from contractual arrangement to something entered into freely
Mao had been opposed to arranged marriages from young age e.g. refused to enter one when 14
THE LAW: women had right to own property, right to divorce was available on equal terms, outlawed arranged marriages and dowries - 58What was the impact of collectivisation and the communes on womens lives?THEORETICAL BENEFITS: canteens+creches should have freed women from domestic chores
Access to same jobs as men
NEGATIVE IMPACTS: earned fewer work points as not able to as strenuous jobs, men had priority of food during famine, divorce rate rose 60% during famine, took away their right to own land - 59How did women and the family unit change?Mao wanted to destroy family life as represented confucian values
Men+ women had seperate quarters in communes
Old+ young suffered mostly during famines, old unable t work and young left without mothers
THE CR: children more loyal to party, loss of children when RG sent to countrysides
POP POLICY: 62 contraceptives made widely available, female cadres encouraages restricting no.children, 1971 policy reduced birth rate to 2% - 60How far did the role of women change?49-76 women in workforce quadrupled
Greater opp for higher education
Same pay rates
Fewer arranged marriages and 1950-51 1mill+ divorces - 61How far did the role of women continue?Power of parents over marriage was replaced by power of the state
Career progression was limited by male dominance and only 1/3 of workforce - 62Why did opposition to changing of traditional views occur?Resistance in Muslim Provinces as arranged marriage was part of culture
High male resistance to marriage law + propaganda campaigns produced to encourage 1950
Women had never been part of field work before + were less well trained - 63How did literacy in China grow?mid 1950s: national system of primary education established- literacy rate rose 20-64% 49-64
CR slowed progress only up to 70% 76
Lack of investment in education 1952 only 6.4% budget, 1956 less than half of 7-16yr olds in education
Expansion of higher education: students to Russian unis, no longer opp to study - 64—
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- AS level History (China) Karteikarten am Mao's china, erstellt von Zoe Rossall am 25/03/2017.
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- Zoe Rossall
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