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Flashcards

Learning and conditioning: key terms and concepts

Jamie Bentz English 84 cards

Cards in this deck (84)

  1. 1Lucretius"Change is the only constant"
  2. 2Darwin's Theory of AdaptationOrganisms adapt to environmental changes
    * Variation among individuals of same species
    *This leads to natural selection
    * Traits (with survival value) are "selected" by environment
    * Variation + natural selection = evolution
  3. 3On the Origin of SpeciesPublished in 1985
  4. 4DawkinsPebbly beach analogy
  5. 5MutationsAbrupt changes in genes (often result of environmental exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses)
    - Significant to evolution if occurring in germ cells
    - responsible for some variability in a species
  6. 6ReflexA relationship between a specific event and a simple response to this event
    - Generally shared, stereotypic, present at birth (or predictable) and adaptive
  7. 7Reflex failureWhen reflexes do not function as they normally do
  8. 8SensitizationProcess whereby eliciting a reflex increases the likelihood or intensity of a response to other stimuli
  9. 9HabituationDecrease in intensity/probability of having a reflex response after being repeatedly exposed to a stimulus that normally causes the response
  10. 10Fixed Action PatternMostly innate/inherited series of interrelated actions that have a strong genetic basis and are brought about by a specific event/stimulus (releaser)
    aka "Modal action pattern"
  11. 11ReleaserA stimulus that reliably elicits a FAP
    - pheromones (sexual behaviour in male rat)
    - colour red (aggression in male stickleback fish)
  12. 12BiophiliaThe innately emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms
  13. 13General Behaviour Traits (GBT)Behavioural tendencies strongly influenced by genetics
  14. 14AversiveA stimulus or event that an organism seeks to avoid
  15. 15LearningA change in behaviour due to experience
    (Evolved modifiability)
  16. 16Nature-nurture debateAn argument of whether behaviour is inherited or learned
  17. 17Scientific methodKnowledge acquisition that a) emphasizes physical events, b) explanations of a phenomena emphasize physical events that reliably produce it
  18. 18Circular explanationsOccur when the evidence for an explanation is the thing that is being explained
  19. 19ConstructivismAttributed to Khan
    - A school of thought that says the scientific method is outdated
    - humans simply construct their own knowledge of the world and the scientific method is one way to do this
  20. 20Operational definitionA definition that specifies the procedure by which a term may be measured. Makes abstract concepts measurable
  21. 21Protocol analysisA way to make thoughts measurable: Get someone to "think out loud" while they work
  22. 22StimulusAny event that affects, or is capable of affecting/having a measurable effect on, behaviour
  23. 23ExperienceAn exposure to a stimulus
  24. 24Ways of measuring learning- reduction in error
    - change in topography
    - change in intensity
    - change in speed
    - change in latency
    - change in rate or frequency
  25. 25cumulative recorderAn apparatus that records every occurrence of a behaviour to produce a cumulative record
    - measures the frequency of behaviour
  26. 26Cumulative recordA graphic record of behaviour
  27. 27FluencyA combination of errors and rate
    - also known as automaticity
  28. 28Anecdotal evidenceFirst or secondhand reports of personal experiences often used to support a claim
  29. 29ObservationsCausal, subjective, and not based on biased data collection
  30. 30Case studyExamining a particular individual in considerable detail
  31. 31Descriptive studiesResearcher attempts to describe a group by obtaining data rom its members (e.g., interviews, questionnaires)
  32. 32Experimental studyResearcher manipulates one or more variables (independent variables) to measure the effects on one or more variables (dependent variables)
  33. 33Between-subjects experimental designResearchers identify two or more groups of participants, and the IV is made to differ across the groups
    - relies on statistical analysis
    - relies on matched sampling and random assignment
  34. 34Experimental groupGroup exposed to the experience in question
  35. 35Control groupGroup not exposed to experience in question
  36. 36Matched samplingParticipants of identical features are identified, then one member from each group is RANDOMLY ASSIGNED to experimental or control group
  37. 37Within-subjects designaka single-case or single-subject
    - participants' behaviour is observed before experiential treatment, the during or after, and compared
  38. 38Baseline periodIn a within-subjects design, the initial period during which a participant's behaviour is measured
    - aka "Period A"
  39. 39Treatment periodWhen the subject is exposed to the experimental condition
    - aka "Period B"
  40. 40ABA reversal designTo rule out possibility of extraneous variable, experimenters test subjects, then return back to baseline condition and compare
  41. 41Field experimentsExperiments done in the natural environment (so lab-derived theories can be tested)
  42. 42Reasons to use animals in research- control over heredity
    - control for learning history
    - ethics
  43. 43Psychic secretionsWhat Pavlov described as salivation caused by thoughts, memories, or wishes of the animal before research (the tendency to salivate at sight of food)
  44. 44Pavlovian conditioningaka respondent conditioning or classical conditioning
    - the procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus and the response to the conditioned stimulus becomes the conditioned response
  45. 45Unconditional reflexA synonym for reflex. An unconditional reflex consists of an unconditional stimulus and an unconditional response.
  46. 46Conditional reflexA reflex acquired through Pavlovian conditioning and consisting of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response
  47. 47Neutral stimulusA stimulus that does not elicit a particular conditioned or unconditioned response
  48. 48Reflexive behaviourLargely unconscious, simple behavioural responses
  49. 49Higher-order conditioningA variation of Pavlovian conditioning where a stimulus is paired, not with a US, but with a well-established CS
  50. 50Second-order conditioningThe CS (CS-0) predicts another previously established CS (CS-1). The CS-1 obtained its ability to elicit a CR because it was paired with a US for a UR.
  51. 51Third-order conditioningA CS-0 is paired with a CS-1 that gained its ability to elicit a response by being paired with a preciously established CS (CS-2), which gained its function by being paired with a US for a UR.
  52. 52Latency of responseThe interval between the onset of the CS and the first appearance of the US
  53. 53Test trialsThe process of presenting the CS alone every now and then (learning is represented as an increase in frequency of responding to test trials)
  54. 54PseudoconditioningThe tendency for a neutral stimulus to elicit a CR when presented after a US has elicited a reflex response (apparently due to sensitization)
  55. 55TraceA Pavlovian conditioning procedure in which the CS begins and ends before the US is presented
  56. 56DelayedThe CS starts before, and then overlaps with, the US
  57. 57SimultaneousThe CS and US are presented at the same time.
  58. 58Backwardthe US precedes the CS
  59. 59ContingencyAn "if-then" statement. Influences the effectiveness of both Pavlovian and operant conditioning.
  60. 60The contingency factorConsists of two probabilities: 1) The US will be presented after the CS, 2) the US will be presented in the absence of the CS.
  61. 61ContiguityThe closeness in space or time between two events (trace versus delayed)
  62. 62Compound stimulusTwo or more stimuli presented simultaneously, often as a CS
  63. 63OvershadowingFailure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS
  64. 64Latent inhibitionThe failure of the CR to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US
  65. 65BlockingFailure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an effective CS.
  66. 66Sensory preconditioningA procedure in which two neutral stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with a US. (In general,a stimulus will become a CS more rapidly if it has been paired with another stimulus that has become a CS).
  67. 67ForgettingDeterioration of performance following a period without practice
  68. 68Extinction procedureThe process of repeatedly presenting the CS without the US
  69. 69ExtinctionWhen the CR no longer occurs as the result of an extinction procedure
  70. 70Spontaneous recoverySudden reappearance of a CR after extinction
  71. 71Stimulus substitution theoryPavlov
    - The theory that, in Pavlovian conditioning, the CS substitutes for the CS.
  72. 72Preparatory response theoryTheory of Pavlovian conditioning that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the occurrence of the US
  73. 73Conditioned emotional response (CER)An emotional response to a stimulus that is acquired through Pavlovian conditioning
  74. 74CounterconditioningThe use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of prior conditioning
  75. 75Systemic desensitizationPhobic person imagines a very weak form of frightening CS when relaxed (more recent forms involve virtual reality)
    - Therapist ranks fears from most anxiety-provoking to least
  76. 76In vivo systematic desensitizationReal feared stimuli are presented in the process of systematic desensitization
  77. 77Conditioned suppressionReduction in the rate of responding due to the non-contingent presentation of an aversive CS (objective measurement of fear)
  78. 78ParaphiliasItems that society disproves of people using to get sexual pleasure
  79. 79Aversion therapyA CS that elicits inappropriate behaviour is paired with a US that elicits an unpleasant response (often nausea)
  80. 80Conditioned allergic reactionA person who is allergic to a substance may become allergic to things frequently associated with it
  81. 81Thorndike's puzzle box apparatusLoop on string that, when pulled, releases a bolt so door falls open and cat can escape box
  82. 82Law and effectThorndike: Relationship between behaviour and its consequence. Strength of a behaviour depends on the consequences the behaviour had in the past.
  83. 83ConnectionismThe theory that reinforcement strengthens the bonds or connections between neurons
  84. 84Skinner boxSkinner called an "operant chamber": Box designed so food drops into tray when rat presses a lever (Hull gave it its more commonly used name)

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Flashcards on Untitled, created by Jamie Bentz on 16/10/2018.
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