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Flashcards

OCR Additional Science - Unit 3 - Biology

jaspreetnatt1 Science GCSE English 3.0Average rating 3.0 out of 5 (2 ratings) 88 cards

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  1. 1What do Cells contain?Cytoplasm
    Cell Membrane
    Nucleus
    Mitochondria
    Ribosome
  2. 2What is the function of Cytoplasm?Where chemical reactions take place.
  3. 3What is the function of the Cell Membrane?Controls what enters or what exits the cell.
  4. 4What is the function of the Nucleus?Contains the genetic information and controls what it does.
  5. 5What is the function of the Mitochondria?This is where respiration takes place, supplies cells with energy.
  6. 6What is the function of the Ribosome?The microsized cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes part.
  7. 7What cells have high levels of Mitochrondia?Sperm Cells
    Muscle Cells
    Liver Cells.
    These cells require high levels of energy, therefore they have more mitochondia.
  8. 8Which order do the following go: Gene Nucleus ChromosomeNucleus
    Chromosome
    Genes.
    Chromosomes are found in the nucleus, genes are a section of chromosomes.
  9. 9What are genes?Genes are a section of the chromosomes, that carries and controls a particular inherited characteristic.
  10. 10What are Chromosomes?Chromosomes are long coiled molecules of DNA. These are divided into sections (genes). These are made from a chemical called DNA.
  11. 11How many PAIRS of chromosomes do humans have?23 PAIRS, 46 individual chromosmes.
  12. 12What does the DNA control?Production of Protein.
  13. 13What is a DNA molecule made of?Two coiled strands around each other called a double helix.
  14. 14What are the four bases in DNA?A+T
    G+T
  15. 15What are the four bases called?Complementaring Base Pairing
  16. 16Who formed the model of DNA?Watson + Crick
  17. 17Where is protein made?In the cytoplasm, it creates a copy of the gene as the original gene cannot leave the nucleus.
  18. 18How many bases represent 1 amino acid?3 bases represent 1 amino acid.
  19. 19What are proteins?Long Chains of Amino Acids.
  20. 20What are the functions of Protein?Structural: Collagen,
    Horomes: Insulin,
    Carrier Molecules: Haemoglobins,
    Enzymes.
    (There are over 19'000 different proteins in a human.)
  21. 21What do enzymes act as, and what is their function?Enzymes act as Biological Catalysts.
    They speed up chemical reactions.
  22. 22Are enzymes complex?Enzymes are very complex, they are specific and each individual enzyme speeds up a particular reaction,
  23. 23What can affect the rate of reaction of an enzyme?Changes in temperature or PH.
  24. 24Describe the structure of a enzyme.Each enzyme has an active site, that only a specific reactants can only fit into.
  25. 25What can prevent an enzyme from working?High temperature and Exteme pH can damage an enzyme.
  26. 26What can cause gene mutations?They can be spontaneous, but environmental factors can contribute. E.g. exposure to radiation.
  27. 27What can mutations lead to, protein wise?Lead to production of different proteins.
  28. 28What is Aerobic Respiration?Respiration while, oxygen is present and energy is found in glucose.
  29. 29In respiration, what does exercise to?Increase the demand of energy, so the pulse rate increases which allows more blood to flow, therefore allows more glucose and oxygen, while more CO2 is removed.
  30. 30Equation of Aerobic Respiration:Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water (+Energy Release)
  31. 31What is Anaerobic Respiration?This occurs when muscles are working hard, and the oxygen cannot be supplied at a satisfactory level to break down all glucose.
  32. 32What is the product of Anaerobic Respiration?Lactic Acid.
  33. 33Equation for Anaerobic Respiration:Glucose -> Lactic Acit (+Small amounts of energy release)
  34. 34What does your body do after Anaerobic Respiration to prevent cell damage from the product (Lactic Acid)?Deep Breathing - So oxygen is taken in and breaks down lactic acid - producing CO2 and H20.
    Heart Rate Stays High - Pumps blood through muscles to remove lactic acid, transports this to the liver where it is broken down.
  35. 35LIst advantages of Multicelluar Organisms:Allow organisms to be larger,
    Allow cells to differentiation,
    Alllow organisms to be complex.
  36. 36Why do Multicelluar organisms require development of specialised organs systems?Cell Communication,
    Supplying cells with nutrients,
    Controlling exchange with the environment.
  37. 37What are diploid body cells, and which organisms have them?Mammal cells normally have diploid body cells, these contain two matching sets of chromosomes.
  38. 38What are haploid cells?Cells containing only 1 set of of chromosomes.
  39. 39Haploid / Diploid: What are gametes?Specialised haploid cells.
  40. 40Haploid / Diploid: What happens at fertilisation?Gametes combine producing a diploid zygote. Genetic material from parents combined.
  41. 41Describe what happens with the sperm cell during fertilisation, and what the effect to the egg is?A sperm consists of a tail and the cell is very small, helping it be mobile. The cell contains a lot of mitochondrias supplementing it with lots of energy to swim. On contact with the ovum, the acrosome bursts, this is in the head section of the sperm. Once it bursts, this releases enzymes which digest the cell membrane of the egg and allow the sperms nucleus to be inserted. This contains one set of the chromosome. The eggs surface then changes texture preventing any other sperm from entering.
  42. 42How many chromosomes does a gamete have?23 Chromosomes - half come from each parent.
  43. 43What is mitosis?New cells for growth is mitosis. These cells are genetically identical.
  44. 44What's meiosis?Type of cell division which occurs in the testes and ovaries.
  45. 45What does The Blood contain, and what is the function of these 4 components?Platelets: Clump together when blood vessel becomes damaged, produces a clot.
    Plasma: transport substances around the body including: food like glucose, water, hormones, antibodies and waste products.
    White Blood Cells: Protect the body against pathogens.
    Red Blood Cells: Transports oxygen from lungs to tissue. These are small and flexible so they can pass through narrow blood vessels - they do not contain a nucleus allowing more space for haemoglobins.
  46. 46Describe the shape and size of the red blood cell and the reason associated.Small size and biconcave shape gives red blood cells a large surface area to volume ratio, for absorbing oxygen. Oxygen is diffused to the lungs through the lungs.
  47. 47What is the equation for the creation of Oxyhaemoglobins.Haemoglobin + Oxygen -> Oxyhaemoglobin.
  48. 48What does the blood move through around the body?Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.
  49. 49Describe the function of: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.Arteries carry the away from the heart.
    Veins carry the blood to the heart.
    Capillaries allow material exchanges to occur.
  50. 50What does the right hand side of the heart do?Pumps low oxygen blood to the lung and back.
  51. 51What does the left hand side of the heart do?Pumps blood with oxygen around the body and back.
  52. 52What is a Double Circulatory System and where is it found?Found in mammals.
    Consists of two loops, advantage is that blood pumped around the body is under much more pressure than lungs. Provides a greater rate of flow to the body tissues.
  53. 53What are the adaptations for: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries.Arteries: Thick walls made of elastic muscle fibers - this is to cope with the pressure.
    Veins - Valves to prevent back flow of blood.
    Capillaries: Thin permeable (allows liquid and gases to pass through) walls, allow exchange of substances.
  54. 54What do the ventricles do in the heart?Contract to pump out blood out.
  55. 55State the functions of right ventricle and left ventricle.Right - Pump blood to the lungs (short).
    Left - Pumps blood around body. These are more muscular, blood under high pressure.
  56. 56What does the Atria do?Receives blood coming to the heart (from veins).
  57. 57What are the names of the valves which prevent the blood flowing wrong direction?Semilunar, tricuspid and bicuspid valves.
  58. 58What do Plant & Animal Cells contain?Nucleus
    Cell Membranes,
    Cytoplasm.
  59. 59What do Plant Cells contain in addition?Nucleus
    Cell Membrane
    Cytoplasm
    / In addition:
    Chloroplasts
    Cellulose Cell Wall,
    Vacole.
  60. 60Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: Cellulose Cell WallStrengthens & Supports the Cell
  61. 61Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: CytoplasmChemical reactions occur here.
  62. 62Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: Permanent VacuoleFilled with Cell Sap, Supports Cells.
  63. 63Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: Cell MembraneControls movement into and out cells.
  64. 64Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: ChloroplastContains chlorophyll, this is used for photosynthesis.
  65. 65Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: NucleusControls function of cells and contains genetic information.
  66. 66Found in Plant Cells, what is the function of: RibosomeProtein Synthesis occurs here.
  67. 67How do animals grow?By increasing the amount of cells.
  68. 68Difference in animals and plants growth.Animals grow to a finite size, whereas plants can grow forever.
  69. 69How do plants gain height?Through Cell Enlargement.
  70. 70How can Growth be measured?Dry Mass (Best Way),
    Wet Mass,
    Height.
  71. 71Where is cell division restricted to in plants?Meristem (gorwing tips of roots and shoots).
  72. 72Advantages and disadvantages of measuring growth by: HeightAdvantage: Easy and quick measurement.
    Disadvantage: Increase of mass may occur without increase of height.
  73. 73Advantages and disadvantages of measuring growth by: Wet MassAdvantage: Not destructive, and easy to measure.
    Disadvantage: Water content in living tissues varies and could produce an overall distorted view.
  74. 74Advantages and disadvantages of measuring growth by: Dry MassAdvantage: Most accurate method.
    Disadvantage: Destructive, removing water from organisms kills.
  75. 75What are Stem Cells?Undifferentiated cells which can specialise and develop into cells, tissues and organs.
  76. 76Where are stem cells obtained from?The embryo.
  77. 77Which stem cells are more useful, embryonic or adult?Embryonic stem cells are more useful, these can develop into any sort of body cell, while adult stem cells are limited to differentiate into cell types of their tissue origin.
  78. 78What is selective breeding?Animals or plants with good characteristics are selected and deliberately cross-bred to produce offspring.
  79. 79How can Selective Breeding improve agriculture yields in plants and animals? E.g. Cows.Quantity of Milk - cows have been bred to produce high daily milk volumes.
    Quality of Milk - Jersey Cows have been bred to produce rich and creamy milk.
    Beef Production - Some cows have been bred for characteristics such as hardiness, early maturity and high offspring.
  80. 80What is a disadvantage of selective breeding?Intense selective breeding reduces gene pool and number of different alleles, this means less variation which leads to INBREEDING.
  81. 81What is Genetic Engineering?The alteration of the genetic make-up of an organism, e.g. introducing new genes from another organism.
  82. 82What are the advantages of altering the genetic makeup.Improve crop resistance: Soya plants are GM by placing a gene that makes them resistant to herbicide.
    Improve Quality of Food: People who have a diet consists of mainly rice can become deficient in vitamin A. A gene responsible for beta-caroteen can be transferred from a carrot to rice.
    Producing Required Substances: Gene which produces human insulin can be inserted into a bacteria cell, from which it can produce insulin to treat diabetes.
  83. 83What is the advantages and disadvantages of Genetic Engineering?Advantage: Allows organisms with new features to produce rapidly.
    Disadvantage: Inserted genes can have unexpected side effects.
  84. 84What's Gene Theraphy?Changing a person's genes in an attempt to a genetic disorder.
  85. 85What is asexual reproduction?When organisms produce identical copies. Plants can reproduce asexually.
  86. 86What are the advantages of Cloning Plants?Will be genetically be identical to parents, all characteristics are known.
    Becomes possible to mass produce plants which are hard to grow from seeds.
  87. 87What are the disadvantages of Cloning Plants?Plants which are susceptible to disease or environmental conditions will affect all plants.
    Reduces genetic variation which reduces potential to further selective breed.
  88. 88How does Cloning by Tissue Culture work?Select parent plant with desired characteristics.
    Scrape of small pieces of tissue into a beaker containing nutrients and hormones. This is to be done without the presences of bacteria (aseptically).
    Lots of genetically identical plantlets will grow.

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GCSE Science (B3) Flashcards on OCR Additional Science - Unit 3 - Biology, created by jaspreetnatt1 on 02/11/2014.
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