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L04

Liberty Grisman-Hughes Fundamentals of Physiology and Anatomy Undergrad English 38 cards

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  1. 1What does simple mean in terms of cell structure?A single layer of cells.
  2. 2What does stratified mean in terms of cell structure?2 or more layers of cells.
  3. 3What does squamous mean in terms of cell structure?Cell width > cell height
  4. 4What does cuboidal mean in terms of cell structure?When width, height, and depth are about the same.
  5. 5What does columnar mean in terms of cell structure?Cell height > Cell width
  6. 6What does pseudostratified mean in terms of cell structure?Appears to be stratified because, although all cells sit on basal lamina, not all reach surface.
  7. 7What does transitional mean in terms of cell structure?No. layers varies w/distention.
  8. 8What is the specific name given to the epithelia of the blood and lymphatic vessels?Endothelium.
  9. 9What is the name given to the epithelia of the atria and ventricals of heart?Endocardium.
  10. 10What is the name given to the epithelia that lines cavities, as with the pleura of the lungs?Mesothelium.
  11. 11What is the apical surface?Any Surface of epithelial cell that is exposed to the body exterior or to the cavity of an internal organ. -"free surface"
  12. 12What are cilia?Motile cytoplasmic structures capable of moving particles & fluid along epithelial surfaces.
  13. 13What is ciliogenesis?Process by which cilia – slender outgrowths on a cell's surface in eukaryotes – form.
    -Initiated by basal body located in centrosome -> then moves through apical plasma -> then extends to an extracellular space = axonene
  14. 14What is a basal body?Protein structure found at the base of a eukaryotic undulipodium (cilium or flagellum). - Made of nine triplet microtubules w/out central microtubule component
  15. 15What is an axoneme?Makes up the length of the cilium/flagellum. - Made of central pair of microtubules surrounded by nine concentrically arranged microtubule pairs.
  16. 16What are Microvilli?-V. small projections from the surface of some cells.
    - Can form the irregular bleb projections seen on some cell membranes
    -Light microscope shows them as uneven border
    -EM shows more of actual structure
    - Tall and closely packed in cells w/absorptive function
  17. 17What is the Glycocalyx?-Consists of glycoproteins projecting from plasma membrane of absorptive cells
    -Provides additional surface for absorption
    -Contains enzymes req. for the final stages of digestion of proteins+sugars
  18. 18What are lateral domains of epithelial cells?- Sites of contact between epithelial cells!
    - In close contact w/junctional complexes and cell adhesion proteins (Which help ensure the structural integrity of tissue).
  19. 19What is the Basal Lamina?- Connects epithelial cells to the basement membrane
    - Connects cell to extracellular junctions which anchor cell to extracellular matrix
    - Has infolding which incr.s cell SA to incr. interactions between cells & extracellular matrix.
  20. 20What are the three main functions of the Basal Lamina?- Acts as adhesion interface between epithelial cells & extracellular matrix
    - Acts as sieve (permeability barrier), contr.s entry/exit from cells
    - May contr. cell organisation+specialisation.
  21. 21What are the functions of the epithelium? Give examples of which tissue&cell types might put it to which use?- GAS EXCHANGE (Lungs, simple squamous)
    - ABSORPTION (gut and kidneys, usually columnar/simple)
    - FILTRATION (Kidney and liver, simple)
    -REABSORPTION (Kidney, simple cuboidal)
    -SECRETION (Glands, usually simple/columnar) .
  22. 22What are the functions of Connective Tissue?- Preservation of body form -> provs. matrix that connects+binds cells and organs -> gives structural and metabolic support to body
  23. 23What is the structure of Connective tissue?-Unlike other major tis. biggest constituent of con.tis. = extracellular matrix which s composed of protein fibres, amorphous ground subs. + tis. fluid
    - Has tis. cells embedded w/in (several types, basically divided into soft+hard/non-mineralised+mineralised)
  24. 24What parts of the body are composed of Soft connective tissue?- Capsules for organs
    - Tendons&ligaments
    - Areolar tis.
    - Adipose tis.
    - Phys. barrier prev. transport of micro-organisms that pass thru epithelia
    -Has nutrient role (epithelia).
  25. 25Name the types of soft tis. cells and sort them into permanent and transient.PERMANENT CELLS: Adipose, fibroblasts
    TRANSIENT CELLS: Mast, plasma, leukocytes, lymphocytes
  26. 26What are Adipose cells?- Largest store of energy in body
    - Cont. state of turnover
    - sens. to hormonal+nervous stim.
    - Subcutaneous layers help shape body
    - Deposits in form of pads act as shock absorbers
    - Others fill space between tis./help keep in pos.
  27. 27What are Fibroblasts?- Respo. for synth. of collagen&ground subs.
    - In mature fibroblasts -> nuclei condensed+elongated&cytoplasm barely vis.
    - In active fibroblasts there is consid. more cytoplasm w/RER&golgi as promin. features.
  28. 28Tell me about a fibre called Collagen type 1?- Most abundant protein in body (30% dry body weight)
    - Synth. n fibroblasts+formed from 3 polypeptide chains
    - Collagen mols. 300nm long&arranged w/67nm overlap
    - Most numerois fibres in con. tis.
    - En mass ->appear white (e.g. tendons)
    - Inelastic+greater tensile strgth than steal = flex.&strong!
    - oft. arranged in parallel array forming bundle.
  29. 29What is the extracellular matrix?- Colourless, transparent, homogenous mixture of STRUCTURAL GLYCOPROTEINS & PROTEOGLYCANS which can bind cells to fibers of con.tis.
    - Fills space between cells and fibres of con.tis.
    - Viscous, semi-fluid gel
    -Acts as lubricant&barrier to penetration of tis. by foreign subs.
  30. 30What are proteoglycans ?- vary in size greatly dep. on weight of polypeptide chain+no.&length of carb chains
    - Main carb. componentsare GAGs found as side chains
    - Super hydrophilic -> trap water so acting like sponge = structure resistant to compression if distorted
    - Proteoglycan aggregate = maj. structural comp. of extracellular matrix of cartilage.
  31. 31What are structural glycoproteins?- Cont. protein moiety carbs attach to.
  32. 32What are the two main Structural glycoproteins?Fibronectin & Laminin.
  33. 33What is Fibronectin?- Synth. by fibroblasts
    - Mediate normal cell adhesion+migration
    - Also plays part in contr. of collagen deposition by binding w/collagen&GAGs -> establ. structural continuity between cytoskeleton&extracellular matrix.
  34. 34What is Laminin?- Found in basal lamina
    - Partially resp. for adhesion of epithelial cells to underlying con.tis.
  35. 35Tell me about Loose areolar connective tissue?- Contains abundant elastic fibres&collagen bundles embedded in ground subs.
    - Also present: fibroblasts, blood vessels, MAYBE: mast cells¯ophages
    - Fills spaces between fibres&muscle sheaths
    - Supports epithelial tis.
    - Ensheaths lymph&blood vessels.
  36. 36Tell me about Dense irregular connective tissue?- Found in dermis of skin&submucosa of dig. syst.
    - Consists of coarse, thick, intertwined bundles of collagen fibres arranged irregularly
    - Fibroblasts sparsely scattered between bundles of collagen
    - Blood ves. pres.&may also be mast cells¯ophages
  37. 37Tell me about Dense regular connective tissue?- Found in tendons&ligaments
    - Collagen bundles lie in parallel separated by linear rows of fibroblasts
    - Blood ves. sparse.
  38. 38—

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Undergrad Fundamentals of Physiology and Anatomy Flashcards on L04, created by Liberty Grisman-Hughes on 07/11/2019.
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