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anatomy final

Regina Smith English 184 cards

Cards in this deck (184)

  1. 1Anatomy is the study of the ______ and ______ of the bodystructure and shape
  2. 2Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts ________function
  3. 3Provide an example of the relationship between anatomy and physiology:Structure determines function. For example, the shape and size of the ear’s auricle allows for its function – to funnel sound waves into the auditory canal.
  4. 4first level of organization: ______ Example: proteins cellular; Example: smooth muscle cell tissue; Example: smooth muscle tissue organ; Example: blood vessel organ system; Example: cardiovascular system organismal; Example: humanchemical
  5. 5second level of organization: _____ Example: smooth muscle cellcellular
  6. 6third level of organization: ________ Example: smooth muscle tissuetissue
  7. 7fourth level of organization: _______ Example: blood vesselorgan
  8. 8fifth level of organization: _____ Example: cardiovascular systemorgan system
  9. 9sixth level of organization: _____ Example: humanorganismal
  10. 10Definition of HomeostasisHomeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.
  11. 11Homeostatic Regulatory Mechanism (3 parts)Receptor
    Control center
    Effector
  12. 12In negative feedback, the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to ___________ the original stimulus. Example:shut off/reduce/negate
    example: thermoregulation
  13. 13Positive feedback mechanisms _____ the original disturbance (stimulus) and push the variable _______ from its original value. Example:increase, farther,
    Example: Blood clotting or birth of baby
  14. 14define AnteriorIn front of, front
  15. 15define PosteriorAfter, behind, following, toward the rear
  16. 16Define DistalAway from, farther from the origin
  17. 17define ProximalNear, closer to the origin
  18. 18define DorsalNear the upper surface, toward the back
  19. 19define VentralToward the bottom, toward the belly
  20. 20define SuperiorAbove, over
  21. 21define InferiorBelow, under
  22. 22Define LateralToward the side, away from the mid-line
  23. 23Define MedialToward the mid-line, middle, away from the side
  24. 24define Midsagittal PlaneSagittal plane that divides the body into equal right and left regions
  25. 25Frontal Plane or Coronal Planevertical plane that runs through the center of your body from side to side. This plane divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) regions.
  26. 26Transverse Planehorizontal plane that runs through the midsection of your body. This plane divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) regions.
  27. 27Sagittal planeDivides left from right.
  28. 28Carbohydrates examplesMonosaccharide: glucose
    Polysaccharide: glycogen
  29. 29Carbohydrates functionQuick energy source (glucose);
    Energy storage (glycogen)
  30. 30Lipids examplesphospholipid
    triglycerides (fat)
    steroid
  31. 31lipids functionMain component of cell membrane
    Energy storage, cushioning, insulaion
    In cell membrane & act as hormones
  32. 32Proteins exampleshemoglobin
    collagen
    antibodies
  33. 33proteins functionsTransport oxygen
    Gives strength & flexibility to bones, cartilage, and tendons
    Provide immunity
  34. 34Nucleic Acids examplesDNA and RNA
  35. 35nucleic acids functionsStorage and processing of Genetic information
  36. 36High Energy Compounds exampleAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
  37. 37High Energy Compounds functionStorage or transfer of energy
  38. 38The carbohydrate ___________ is the most important metabolic fuel in the body.glucose
  39. 39What lipid is important for cell membranes?phospholipid
  40. 40The building blocks of proteins are ________________, How many different types of these building blocks are there?amino acids, 20
  41. 41Nucleus functionControl center; stores DNA, the cells instructions for making proteins
  42. 42Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum functionStudded with ribosome which make proteins; protein synthesis
  43. 43Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum functionLack ribosomes so no protein synthesis; instead, makes lipids & carbohydrates and detoxifies poisons
  44. 44Golgi Apparatus functionPost office; receives vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum; packages contents and sends them to the proper place in the cell
  45. 45Mitochondria functionPower house; make the majority of the cell’s ATP (energy currency)
  46. 46Lysosome functionGarbage disposal; contains digestive enzymes to break down damaged organelles and waste
  47. 47Ribosome functionProtein factory; strings amino acids together to build proteins
  48. 48Centrioles functionHelps move chromosomes around during mitosis (cell division)
  49. 49Microvilli functionSpecialization that increases surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption
  50. 50Cilia functionSpecialization that allows for movement on the cell’s surface
  51. 51Cytoskeleton functionGives cell structure and allows for motility (movement of the cell)
  52. 52The functions of the skeletal system include:1. Support of entire body
    2. Protection of internal organs
    3. movement (Levers)
    4. storage of fat and calcium
    5. formation of blood cells
  53. 53Why did the “failed initiations” fail to initiate an action potential?They were not large enough to reach threshold so voltage-gated sodium channels never opened.
  54. 54Cerebral hemispheres (collectively called cerebrum) functionLocalizes and interprets incoming sensory info,
    Controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity,
    Intellectual and emotional processing
  55. 55Thalamus functionRelays sensory input to cerebrum
  56. 56Hypothalamus functionRegulates body temperature, food intake, water balance and thirst,
    Regulates output of pituitary gland
  57. 57Mesencephalon (Midbrain) functionVisual and auditory reflex centers
  58. 58Pons functionRelays info from cerebrum to cerebellum, Helps control respiratory rate
  59. 59Medulla Oblongata functionHelps control heart rate, breathing, vessel diameter and vomiting
  60. 60Cerebellum functionHelps with coordinated and smooth muscle movements,
    Responsible for balance and posture.
  61. 61The Central Nervous SystemConsists of the brain and spinal cord.
  62. 62The Peripheral Nervous System consists of _________nerves found outside the Central Nervous System.
  63. 63Name 2 effects of the Parasympathetic Nervous Systemdecrease heart rate, decrease respiratory rate,
    increase digestive activity, increase urine production
  64. 64Parasympathetic Division: Known as the ______ division”rest and digest”
  65. 65Sympathetic Division: Known as the ______ division“fight or flight”
  66. 66Name 2 effects of the Sympathetic Nervous Systemincrease heart rate, increase respiratory rate,
    dilate blood vessels that supply the brain and muscles
  67. 67The __________ is the motor subdivision of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that controls body activities automatically (involuntarily).Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  68. 68Give 1 example of a spinal reflex and describe how it worksThe withdrawal reflex moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
  69. 69A reflex is an _____ response to a stimulus.automatic
  70. 70Neurons that receive information from our sensory organs (e.g. eye, skin) and transmit this input to the central nervous system are called ___________afferent neurons
  71. 71__________ carry impulses away from the central nervous systemEfferent nerve fibers
  72. 72The action potential stimulates the ______ to release calcium into the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.sarcoplasmic reticulum
  73. 73The calcium triggers the binding of _________ (crossbridge formation).myocin to actin
  74. 74Myosin heads pivot toward the ___ of the sarcomereM-line
  75. 75ATP provides the energy needed to detach and recock each myosin head so it can bind to another binding site farther along the ___________sliding filament
  76. 76Calcium entry causes the neurotransmitter _____ to be released.Acetylcholine (Ach)
  77. 77__________ channels open and calcium enters the axon terminal.Voltage –gated Calcium
  78. 78Acetylcholine diffuses across the ________ (the space between the axon terminal and muscle fiber) and binds to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber.synaptic cleft
  79. 79f. Acetylcholine is broken down by the enzyme _______ and the muscle fiber goes back to rest.Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)
  80. 80Hyaline cartilage model is covered with bone matrix by bone forming cells called _______osteoblasts
  81. 81The enclosed cartilage model is dissolved away, leaving a ____________ within the newly formed bone.medullary or marrow cavity
  82. 82Primary motor cortex locationFrontal
  83. 83Primary motor cortex functionInitiates voluntary movement
  84. 84Primary sensory cortex (somatosensory cortex) locationParietal
  85. 85Primary sensory cortex (somatosensory cortex) functionPereption of general senses (pain, temperature, touch pressure)
  86. 86Visual cortex functionVisual perception
  87. 87Visual cortex locationOccipital
  88. 88Auditory cortex functionTemporal
  89. 89Auditory cortex locationAuditory perception
  90. 90Olfactory cortex locationTemporal
  91. 91Olfactory cortex functionOlfactory (smell) perception
  92. 92Gustatory cortex locationInsula
  93. 93Gustatory cortex functionGustatory (taste) perception
  94. 94skeletal muscle functionvoluntary movement
  95. 95cardiac muscle functionkeeping the heart pumping and blood circulating around the body.
  96. 96smooth muscle functioncontract to push food through your body.
  97. 97Negative feedback ExampleIncreased blood sugar –insulin is released; decreased blood sugar-- glucagon is released
  98. 98what hormones come from the Pituitary gland- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
    - Growth hormone
  99. 99what does the hormone Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do?Promotes reabsorption of water by the kidneys.
  100. 100what does Growth hormone do?Promotes growth of all cells
  101. 101what hormones come from the Thyroid gland?- T3 and T4
    - Calcitonin
  102. 102what does Calcitonin do?Lowers calcium in blood
  103. 103what do the hormones T3 and T4 do?Promotes glucose utilization by most cells
  104. 104what hormones come from Parathyroid Glands?Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  105. 105does does Parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?Elevates calcium in blood.
  106. 106what hormones come from Adrenal Glands (cortex) ?Aldosterone
  107. 107what does the hormone Aldosterone do?Increase reabsorption of sodium ions and water by the kidneys.
  108. 108what hormones come from the Adrenal Glands (medulla)?Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
  109. 109what does Epinephrine & Norepinephrine do?Increase cardiac activity, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels.
    (the “fight or flight” hormones)
  110. 110what hormones come from the Pancreas?- Insulin
    - Glucagon
  111. 111what does Insulin do?- Promotes uptake of glucose by cells which decreases blood glucose levels.
  112. 112what does Glucagon do?- Promotes break down of glycogen by liver which increases blood glucose levels.
  113. 113____________ is created in response to exposure to a foreign substance.Adaptive immunity
  114. 114_________ is something already present in the body.Innate immunity
  115. 115what is the female gonad and gamete?ovaries and eggs
  116. 116what is the male gonad and gamete?testes and sperm
  117. 117Gametes go through a process of genetic reduction called __________ - and only gametes do this.meiosis
  118. 118gametes are ____ cells that contain __ chromosomeshaploid, 23
  119. 119contraction of the heart chambersSystole
  120. 120relaxation of the heart chambersDiastole
  121. 121Teeth functionaid in mechanical breakdown of food
  122. 122Tongue functionaids in swallowing
  123. 123Salivary glands functionproduce saliva which is a mixture of mucus and serous (enzyme) fluids
  124. 124pancreasproduces digestive enzymes that break down all categories of digestible foods
  125. 125liverproduces bile, which emulsifies lipids
  126. 126gallbladder functionstores and secretes bile
  127. 127stomach functionaids in mechanical processing and digestion
  128. 128The kidneys produce __________urine
  129. 129The ureters transport urine toward the __________bladder
  130. 130The ___________ temporarily stores urine prior to eliminationurinary bladder
  131. 131The urethra is a tube that conducts urine to __________the outside of the body.
  132. 132the removal of organic waste products from body fluidsexcretion
  133. 133the discharge of these waste products into the environmentmicturition
  134. 134The _____ is the functional unit of the kidneynephron
  135. 135Each kidney has more than __________ nephrons.1 million
  136. 136Nephrons and ____________ are closely entwined inside each kidney.capillaries
  137. 137__________: blood pressure drives water and small solutes (not proteins or blood cells) out of leaky capillaries and into the entrance of a nephronFiltration
  138. 138____________: most water and solutes in the filtrate move from a nephron’s tubular portions, back into the blood inside the nearby capillariesReabsorption
  139. 139________________: toxins, drug residues, H+, and some other solutes move out of nearby capillaries and into the filtrate inside the nephron for excretion in the urineSecretion
  140. 140When blood volume decreases, ____________also decreases.blood pressure
  141. 141When blood pressure decreases, the ____________ could potentially decrease.glomerular filtration rate
    (GFR)
  142. 142Why is decreased GFR dangerous?We are not adequately filtering waste out of the blood
  143. 143Decreased blood pressure triggers the release of the enzyme ________ into the blood.renin
  144. 144Renin leads to the production of _________angiotensin II
  145. 145Angiotensin II has the following effects:a. Triggers peripheral vasoconstriction which elevates blood
    pressure
    b. Constricts efferent arterioles, which further elevates GFR.
    c. Triggers release of epinephrine/norepinephrine from the
    adrenal medulla which increases overall blood pressure.
    d. Triggers release of the hormone antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
    from the pituitary and aldosterone from the adrenal gland.
  146. 146Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland when we are ______________.dehydrated
  147. 147increased blood volume = _________ blood pressure!increased
  148. 148Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the ___________adrenal cortex
  149. 149Aldosterone stimulates the ___________ of Na+ into the blood.reabsorption
  150. 150Why are the testes located outside of the abdominal cavity?Spermatogenesis requires a slightly lower
    temperature than normal body temperature
  151. 151Semen is the fluid that carries _______sperm
  152. 152Seminal glands (vesicles) secrete a fluid containingprostaglandins and sugar
  153. 153describe prostaglandinshelp stimulate contractions in both the male and female reproductive tracts that help move sperm
  154. 154Prostate gland secretes a fluid that helps activate ____________.sperm
  155. 155Bulbourethral glands secrete alkaline mucus which helps to neutralize urinary ________ in the urethraacid
  156. 156One ejaculation delivers more than _______50-150 million sperm cells per milliliter.
  157. 157____________ is the production of sperm. This process begins at puberty and continues throughout life.Spermatogenesis
  158. 158Sperm production occurs in the _______________ of the testisseminiferous tubules
  159. 159in the testes, _____ initiates sperm productionfollicle –stimulating
    hormone (FSH)
  160. 160The hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone which stimulates _____________ to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).the anterior pituitary gland
  161. 161In the testes, LH signals the release of ________ and other androgens.testosterone
  162. 162Ovaries produce ________ and the hormones ___________oocytes, estrogen and
    progesterone.
  163. 163Females are born with approximately ________ oocytes1 million
  164. 164The __________ are where fertilization occurs and the _________ is where the fetus develops.fallopian tubes, uterus
  165. 165_______ is the production of egg cell (oocytes)Oogenesis
  166. 166Oogenesis occurs in the ________follicle of the ovary
  167. 167The uterine (menstrual) cycle prepares the uterus for the ___________.embryo
  168. 168A fertilized egg is called a _________.zygoyte
  169. 169period from fertilization to week 8, the conceptus is called an embryoEmbryonic Period
  170. 170During this period, 3 primary germ layers are being formed.Embryonic Period
  171. 171period from week 9 through birth, the conceptus is called a fetusFetal Period
  172. 172During this period, organs grow and specialize. Body proportions change. Fetus grows from approximately 1 gramFetal Period
  173. 173_________: (conception – birth) takes 9 months and can be divided into 3 trimestersGestation
  174. 174During the _________ trimester all organ systems begin to develop.first
  175. 175The ________ trimester completes the development of organ systems.second
  176. 176The ________ trimester is mostly devoted to depositing adipose tissuethird
  177. 177describe specificity of the adaptive immune systemThe specificity of the immune system is due to the fact that both lymphocytes and antibodies only recognize one epitope or antigenic determinant. The immune system can recognize thousands of millions of different antigens, but for each determinant, a specific lymphocyte will be induced.
  178. 178describe tolerance of the adaptive immune systemImmune tolerance is the state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissues that have the potential to induce an immune response.
  179. 179describe memory of the adaptive immune systemthe ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response.
  180. 180describe versatility of the adaptive immune systemVersatility is underscored by genetic recombination mechanisms which ensure the expression of immune receptors with high specificity for antigen recognition in T and B lymphocytes.
  181. 181simple squamous epithelium functiondiffusion
  182. 182pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium functionsecretion
  183. 183simple cuboidal epithelium functionsecretion
  184. 184stratified squamous epithelium functionprotection

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Flashcards on anatomy final , created by Regina Smith on 11/12/2019.
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