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Flashcards

Lecture 10: Grasses

Amrit Bhogal Plants Universität English 65 cards

Lecture 10: Grasses

Cards in this deck (65)

  1. 13 physical characteristics of monocots- Parallel-veined
    - Flower parts in multiples of three
    - Alternate leaves
  2. 2In what period did grasses evolveCretaceous period
    - The most widespread plant
  3. 3How many species and genera are in the grass familygenera: 600-650
    Species: 9000- 10000
  4. 4True/false Most cereals are annualsTrue
  5. 5GametophyteWind pollination of haploid gamete spores
  6. 6SporophyteDiploid plant that produces spores by meiosis
  7. 7CeresGoddess of grain
  8. 8Carpel containsStimga, style and ovary
  9. 9Stamen consists ofAnther and filament
  10. 10Rhizomebelow ground horizontal stem
  11. 11Stolonabove ground horizontal stem
  12. 12A grass leaf consists ofA blade and a sheath (encircles the culm)
  13. 13The two bracts that surround inflorescenceOuter lemma and inner palea form bracts
  14. 14FloretThe flower and the bract
  15. 15SpiketGroup of florets (1-12)
  16. 16GlumesBracts that surround spikets
  17. 17ChaffBracts surrounding the grain
  18. 18BranFruit wall fused to the seed coat
  19. 19Aleurone layer- Interior to the brand
    - High in protein and enzymes that break down endosperm
  20. 20EndospermStored starch for food
  21. 21Function of the cotyledonTo transder food to the embryo
  22. 22GermEmbryo with sheath
  23. 23What kind of root system do grasses have?Fibrous
  24. 24The “seed” of a grass is actually a fruit, called acaryopsis
  25. 25CulmsHollow cylinders for maximum strength and economy
    - Their are transverse sections at nodes
  26. 26What permits grasses to form sod?Rhizomes
  27. 27Why doesn't clipping of grazing destroy active growing region of grasses?Elongation occurs at leaf base
  28. 28The sheath encircles the stem node, what is its purpose?To protect auxiliary buds
  29. 29Ligule– Where leaf attaches to main stem
    – Membrane or fringe of hairs
  30. 30In order, the top 3 crops in terms of human caloric intakeMaize, wheat, rice then barley and sorghum
  31. 31Sugar cane originates from...New guinea highlands
  32. 32—
  33. 33T/F Endoperm is digested either BEFORE or DURING seed germinationtrue
  34. 34BarleyHordeum vulgare
    - used by greeks for flat bread and beer
    - selection towards more and larger seeds + non shattering inflorescence
    - First domesticated cereal
  35. 35Wild vs. mutated barleyWild 2-rowed:
    2 grains per node (only one fertile)
    Mutated 6-rowed: 6 grains per node (all fertile)
  36. 36Most barley is used forLivestock feed, then beer
  37. 37Wheat "staff of life"Triticum monococcum
  38. 38What was wheat hybridized with?Goat grass (2 different types to go from t.einkorn to t.aestivum)
  39. 39—
  40. 40Gluten is made up what two proteins? Which cereals contain it?Glutenin and gliadin
    - Wheat, rye and barley
  41. 41When milled, flour is broken down into three componentsWheat germ, flour and bran
  42. 42White flour is low in whiteIron and B vitamins
  43. 43Rye "Poor mans meat"Secale cereale
    - High in lysine
  44. 44Ergot poisoning – St. Anthony’s Fire; name of bacteria– Claviceps purpurea
    – alkaloids
  45. 45Triticale• Triticosecale
    • Cross between wheat and rye
    • Human made cereal
    • Produces high yields in marginal
    grain-growing regions
  46. 46OatsAvena sativa
    - soluble fiber makes it lumpy
  47. 47RiceOryza sativa
    - Alex the great brought to europe
    - Portuguese took it to W. Africa and Brazil
    - Worlds most important crop (21% calories consumed)
  48. 48Indica vs JaponicaIndica: Long grain
    Japonica: short grain [sticks together]
  49. 49Most rice is grown inPaddy fields [75%]
  50. 50T/F rice produces a lot of methane gasTrue
  51. 51AzollaAzolla has an endosymbiotic Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena
    - Relationship with rice
  52. 52“Polishing” white riceremoves bran and
    vitamins but gives a longer shelf life
  53. 53beriberiNutrient deficiency in vitamin B1
  54. 54Golden ricecontains beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A
  55. 552 GS of wild riceZizania aquatica and Z.
    texana
  56. 56SorghumSorghum bicolor
    - C4 plant
    Native to Africa
    - Flat breads, popcorn, beer, silage
  57. 57How much less water does sorghum need in comparison to corn?20%
    - also has waxy leaf coating to prevent water loss
  58. 58Corn- Zea mays
    - domesticated in Central
    America
  59. 59Male sterile lines or corn were susceptible to what fungus?Southern leaf blight
  60. 60Corn breading- double hybrid cross
    - Male-sterile lines via cytoplasm (cms)
    – A sterile gene carried on female mitochondria
  61. 61Sugar CaneSaccharum sp
    - • Native to South-western Pacific
    - C4
    Grown from stem cuttings
  62. 62Crushed pulp of sugar canebagasse
  63. 63SilageControlled anaerobic fermentation of undried stalks of corn, sorghum or cane
  64. 64Hay– Dehydrating green foliage
  65. 656 forage cropsa) Rye
    b) Triticale
    c) Oats
    d) Barley
    e) Pearl millet
    f) Sorghum

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Universität Plants (Second Midterm) Flashcards on Lecture 10: Grasses, created by Amrit Bhogal on 13/04/2015.
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