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mariahmcfarlane English 139 cards

Cards in this deck (139)

  1. 1Receptive FieldA single general sensory receptor monitors a specific area
  2. 2Large receptive fieldsreceptor monitors large diameter areas
    decrease your ability to locate the exact point of stimulus - “less sensitive”
    Found on trunk etc. - receptive field can be 7 cm in diameter
  3. 3Small receptive fieldsreceptor monitors tiny diameter areas
    increase your ability to locate the exact point of stimulus – “more sensitive”
    Found on fingertips – receptive fields can be less than a mm
  4. 4Proprioceptorsreceptors in the muscles, tendons ,ligaments & joint capsule- detect body position
  5. 5Auricle (Pinna)fleshy external “flaps” on each side of the head
    Composed of elastic cartilage
    Function = Arrangement of “whorls” direct sound into the canal
  6. 6External Auditory Canal“s” shaped passage connecting outer & middle ear
    Composed of fibrocartilage & part of temporal bone
    Function = conducts sound waves to middle ear
  7. 7External Auditory Canal“s” shaped passage connecting outer & middle ear
    Composed of fibrocartilage & part of temporal bone
    Function = conducts sound waves to middle ear
  8. 8Tympanic Membrane (A)eardrum
    Concave membrane separating outer & middle ear (1cm)
    Function = Vibrates when struck by sound waves
  9. 9Malleus (M)small bone - “hammer” shape
    “handle” attached to inner surface of eardrum
    Articulates with incus
  10. 10Incus (I)small bone – “anvil”
    Articulates with both malleus & Stapes
  11. 11Stapes (S)small bone – “stirrup” shape
    Suspended in opening called Oval window – opening to inner ear (vestibule)
  12. 12Round WindowSecond opening to the inner ear covered with 2nd tympanic membrane
    absorbs/relieves pressure in inner ear
  13. 13Auditory or Eustachian Tubepassage between the middle ear and nasopharynx
    Function = allows air in/out to equalize pressure on both sides of the ear drum
  14. 14Inner earmaze of passage ways (spaces) within the temporal bone
    Lined with fleshy tubes & filled with fluid
  15. 15Cochleaorgan of hearing
    Snail-like coiled tube anterior to vestibule
    3 fluid filled chambers separated by membranes
  16. 16Semicircular Canals3 ducts positioned within different planes in temporal bone
  17. 17Vestibulocochlear Nerveinnervates structures of the inner ear
  18. 18Tectorial Membranegelatinous membrane sitting on top of stereocilia
    It is anchored in bone & is therefore stationary
  19. 19Tip linksstretchy proteins attached to ion channels on tip of each stereocilia
  20. 20Vestibular Apparatusorgan of equilibrium in inner ear
  21. 21Saccule & Utricle2 chambers of the vestibule that
    sense static equilibrium (head position) & linear acceleration (riding in car or elevator
  22. 22Maculapatches of hair cells with stereocilia in each chamber of vestibule
  23. 23Otolithic Membranegelatinous membrane weighted with granules
  24. 24Ampullaedilated bulb at end of each semicircular canal
  25. 25Crista Ampullarismound of hair cells with stereocilia
  26. 26Palpebraeeyelids
    Function = protection, maintain moisture & prevent visual stim.
  27. 27Conjunctivamucous membrane on inner surface of eyelid
    Function = secrete mucous to prevent drying
  28. 28Lacrimal glandgland found in upper lateral corner of eye
    Function = tear secretion
  29. 29Fibrous Tunicouter layers consisting of the:
    Sclera & Cornea
  30. 30Vascular Tunic -middle layer (uvea) composed of blood vessels and sm. Muscle
  31. 31Sensory Tunicinner neural layer consisting of the:
    Retina & Optic nerve
  32. 32Scleradense fibrous connective tissue - “whites” of the eye
  33. 33Corneatransparent region of sclera that admits light into eye
  34. 34Choroiddark vascular layer behind retina
  35. 35Ciliary Bodythickened extension of choroid
    Forms muscular ring around lens & iris
  36. 36Iriscolored muscular membrane below cornea
    Attached to ciliary body, controls diameter of opening
    Pupil is opening regulates amount of light entering eye
  37. 37Retinaa thin pigmented epithelial layer at the back of inner eye lined with neurons
  38. 38Optic Discpoint where retina axons converge & exit the eye
  39. 39Visual fillingbrain assumes unseen area looks like its surroundings & fills in with imaginary info
  40. 40Anterior Cavityspace between cornea & lens
    Filled with fluid called aqueous humor
    Composed of 2 chambers
  41. 41Anterior Chamberspace between cornea & iris
    Filled with aqueous humor
  42. 42Posterior Chamberspace between iris & lens
    Filled with aqueous humor
  43. 43Posterior Cavityspace between lens & retina
    filled with vitreous fluid – keeps retina in place
  44. 44Lensflexible crystalline protein structure behind pupil
    Focuses light onto retina
  45. 45Suspensory Ligamentsring of fibers that attach lens to Ciliary body
  46. 46Photoreceptorscells that absorb light & stimulate nerves
  47. 47Ganglion cellssensitive to light intensity
    Brain uses info to adjust pupil & set circadian rhythms
  48. 48Gyri (gyrus)the folds of the brain
  49. 49Sulci (sulcus)the grooves of the brain
  50. 50Dura materoutermost, tough membrane
  51. 51Pia materthin vascular layer adheres to contours of brain
  52. 52Arachnoid materspider web of collagen & elastic fibers between dura & pia matter
  53. 53Subdural spaceseparates dura from arachnoid
  54. 54Subarachnoid spaceseparates arachnoid from pia
  55. 55Falx cerebriruns down between right/left cerebral hemispheres – separates them
  56. 56Tentorium cerebelliseparates cerebrum from cerebellum
  57. 57Falx cerebelliseparates right/left parts of cerebellum
  58. 58Corpus callosumthick bundle of axons that connect the 2 hemispheres
  59. 59Temporal lobehearing, smell, learning, memory, emotional behavior
  60. 60Parietal lobesensory reception
    integration of sensory info
  61. 61Frontal lobevoluntary motor functions – control of skeletal muscles
    areas for planning, mood, smell social judgment & aggression
  62. 62Lateral Sulcusseparates temporal lobe from frontal & parietal lobes
  63. 63Central Sulcusseparates frontal & parietal lobes
  64. 64Precentral gyruscontains neurons of primary motor cortex
    Allows voluntary control of skeletal muscle – stimulation of specific neuron leads to contraction of specific muscles – receives instructions from premotor cortex
  65. 65Postcentral gyruscontains neurons of
  66. 66primary sensory cortexReceives sensory info for temp, taste, touch , pain, pressure – receives info from thalamus
  67. 67Primary Motor Center –Neurons in precentral
    Gyrus control muscles in specific areas
  68. 68Primary Sensory Center –Neurons in postcentral gyrus receive sensory info from specific areas
  69. 69Gray mattercontains somas & dendrites of neurons
  70. 70White matterbundles of axons from many neurons
  71. 71Basal NucleiMasses of gray matter (soma & dendrites) deep to cerebral cortex
  72. 72Involved in motor controladjusts movements subconsciously
  73. 73Commissural tractsaxons cross from one hemisphere to the other
  74. 74Projection tractsaxons extend vertically from brain to spinal cord
  75. 75Long Association Tractsaxons connect lobes
  76. 76Short Association Tractsaxons connect gyri within lobe
  77. 77Thalamusoval mass of gray matter
    with right & left halves under each cerebral hemisphere
  78. 78Gateway to cerebrumReceives sensory info on way to cerebral cortex
    integrates & directs info to appropriate area
    Sends motor signals from cerebrum out
  79. 79pineal glandEndocrine function & relay center to limbic system
  80. 80HypothalamusControl center of autonomic NS & endocrine system
    Homeostatic regulation
    Thermoregulation, hunger & thirst, sleep & circadian rhythms
    Memory, emotional behavior
  81. 81Cerebral pedunclesanchor the cerebrum to the brainstem – contains descending tracts
  82. 82Ventriclesinternal chambers or spaces within the CNS
  83. 83Choroid Plexusnetwork of capillaries anchored to the floor of each ventricle – covered with ependymal cells
    Filters blood plasma forming ~ 30% of CSF
  84. 84Arachnoid VilliCauliflower-like extension of the arachnoid layer that extends through the dura matter into the superior sagittal sinus
  85. 85Olfactory Nerve IProvides - sense of smell (sensory)
    Damage - causes impaired sense of smell
    Clinical tests = determine if patient can smell aromatic substances
  86. 86Optic Nerve IIprovides vision
  87. 87Oculomotor Nerve IIIProvides - eye movement, opening of eyelid, constriction of pupil, focusing (motor)
  88. 88Trochlear Nerve IVProvides - eye movement & proprioception (motor)
    Innervates muscle that moves eye down & in
  89. 89Trigeminal Nerve VMain sensory nerve to face (touch, pain and temperature) and provides muscle movement of mastication (motor
  90. 90Abducens Nerve VIProvides - eye movement (motor)
    Move eye laterally
  91. 91Facial Nerve VIIProvides - sense of taste (sensory), facial expressions (motor), & autonomic control of salivary, tear, nasal & palatine glands (motor)
  92. 92Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIIIProvides - hearing & sense of balance (sensory)
  93. 93Glossopharyngeal Nerve IXProvides - control over swallowing, salivation, gagging, BP and respiration & receives sensations from tongue (mixed)
  94. 94Vagus Nerve XProvides - swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera (mixed)
  95. 95Accessory Nerve XIProvides - swallowing, head, neck & shoulder movement (motor)
  96. 96Hypoglossal Nerve XIIProvides - tongue movements for speech, food manipulation & swallowing (motor)
  97. 97Sensory (afferent) divisionscarries signals from sensory receptors throughout the body to CNS (detects stimuli & changes body/systems)
  98. 98Visceral sensory divisionSenses changes in viscera
    Viscera = heart, lungs, stomach, bladder, etc
    Unaware of sensations
  99. 99Somatic sensory divisionSense skin, muscles, bones including body position
    Aware of sensations
  100. 100Motor (efferent) divisioncarries signals from CNS to effectors
  101. 101Somatic motor divisionvoluntary control
    effectors: skeletal muscle
  102. 102Visceral motor division (autonomic NS)No voluntary control - unconscious
    effectors: cardiac muscle & smooth muscle in all organs & vessels, glands
  103. 103Control center contains the nucleus & is where incoming signal are sentSoma
  104. 104Processes off soma branch into numerous ____ for receiving incoming signalsDendrites
  105. 105Axon HillockLarge process off soma gives rise to the long nerve fiber (axon)
    Is part of the trigger zone that plays an important role in generating an action potential in the neuron
  106. 106axon1 long fiber that conducts signal away from the soma
  107. 107Internodesmyelin covered segments of axon
    Insulate the axon
  108. 108Nodes of Ranviergaps between myelin covered internodes
  109. 109Terminal arborizationbranching at end of axon
  110. 110Multipolar neuronmost common – motor neurons
    many dendrites/one axon
  111. 111Bipolar neuronspecial senses - olfactory, retina, ear
    one dendrite/one axon
  112. 112Unipolar neuronsensory from skin & organs to spinal cord
    Single fused process
  113. 113Anaxonic neuronfound in brain & special sense
    help in visual processes?
    many dendrites/no axon
  114. 114Neuroglia cellsare supportive cells associated with the CNS
  115. 115Astrocytesmost abundant & functionally diverse
    contribute to BBB - regulate substances enter brain tissue
    Convert blood glucose to lactate (feeds brain)
    Secrete growth factor – growth & synapse formation
    Sclerosis – hardened mass of astrocytes (scar)
  116. 116Oligodendrocytesform myelin sheaths in CNS
    wraps processes around nerve fibers - insulates
  117. 117Microglia(macrophages) formed from WBC
    Immune cells that creep around & do phagocytosis
  118. 118Ependymal cellsline cavities surrounding brain &
    Spinal cord - produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
  119. 119Schwann cellsforms myelin sheaths around axons in PNS
  120. 120Satellite cellssurround soma of ganglia in PNS uncertain function
  121. 121Myelin Sheathinsulating layer surrounding nerve fibers
    Composed of cell membranes of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes
  122. 122Electrical Potentialdifference in the concentration of charged particles between two separated points
  123. 123Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)the voltage across the cell membrane when the cell is not firing
  124. 124Non-myelinated Fibersthe action potential progresses down the entire length of the axon
  125. 125Hyperpolarizationwhen the membranes voltage drops below the RMP after an action potential
    Due to excess K+ leaking out
  126. 126Absolute refractory periodno stimulus will trigger AP
    Starts when Na+ gates are open
    Ends when AP returns to RP
  127. 127Relative refractory periodMembrane is hyperpolarized & only especially strong stimulus will trigger new AP
  128. 128Gradedmagnitude varies with stimulus strength
  129. 129Decrementalweaken the farther they spread
  130. 130Reversibleif stimulation stops, K+ diffuses out of cell returning voltage to resting potential before reaching threshold
  131. 131Excitatory cholinergic synapse NeurotransmitterAch
    Stimulate other neurons or muscle
  132. 132Inhibitory GABA-ergic synapse NeurotransmitterGABA (-aminobutyric acid)
    Inhibit other neurons
  133. 133Excitatory adrenergic synapse Neurotransmitter =NE (nor-epinephrine)
    Stimulates others neurons
  134. 134Synaptic delaytime from arrival of nerve signal at synapse to start of AP in postsynaptic cell (0.5 msec)
  135. 135Neuromodulators = hormones that modify synaptic transmissionhormones that modify synaptic transmission
  136. 136Diverging circuitthe axon of one neuron branches & synapses with several postsynaptic neurons - broad distribution
    Sensory info from eye is sent to many parts of brain – visual center (aware of what you see) and to areas that control posture & balance
  137. 137Converging circuitinput from many neurons synapse on one neuron
    Sensory receptors & balance info come from many place converge on CNS
    Both conscious and unconscious control of diaphragm
  138. 138Reverberating circuitsneurons stimulate each other in linear sequence
    one cell re-stimulates first cell & starts process all over – like positive feedback loop
  139. 139Parallel afterdischarge circuits
    input neuron stimulates several pathways
    Pathways vary in # of synapses
    Cause stimulation of last neuron long after input has stopped

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Flashcards on Untitled, created by mariahmcfarlane on 03/12/2013.
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