Flashcards
Learning
Cards in this deck (43)
- 1What is learning?A relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from
experience” (Kosslyn, Rosenberg, & Lambert, p.172 - 2What types of learning are there? Studying for tests
Learning to drive
Touching an electric fence
Learning language - 3What is behaviourism?The school of psychology that focuses on how a specific stimulus (object,
person, or event) evokes a specific response (behaviour in reaction to a
stimulus)” (Kosslyn, Rosenberg, & Lambert, p. 9) - 4What is behaviourism as defined by Tim Edwards?The study of behaviour as a function of environmental
influences - 5What is the 'proper' focus of Psychology? According to Tim Edwards.Behaviourism
- 6What is Behaviourism interested in?Is interested solely in the observable causes and effects of behaviour
- 7What is the Goal of Behaviourism? Goal is the prediction and influence of behaviour
- 8Who were two influential people in Behaviourism? John Watson and B.F. Skinner
- 9What three types of learning does the textbook class Behaviourism as? Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Cognitive and Social Learning - 10What is Habituation?Repeated exposure to a stimulus decreases an
organism’s responsiveness to the stimulus - 11What is sensitisation?Exposure to a stimulus increases an organism’s
responsiveness. - 12What is the overall story of Little Albert?One-year old son of a nurse
John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
Eugenics was very popular at the time
Set out to prove not all behaviour (esp. fear) is innate
Fear elicited by hitting a steel bar with a hammer
Conditioned to fear a white rat
Also learned to fear other furry objects - 13What are the two other names for Classical conditioning?Pavlovian OR Respondent conditioning
- 14Describe classical conditioningIs the process through which a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an
unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR).
After a number of pairings the NS can elicit the response without the US,
and becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). The response is now a
conditioned response (CR). - 15What and When did Ivan Pavlov study classical conditioning?1903
Studied salivation responses in dogs (Nobel Prize)
Noticed dogs would salivate when looking at food, or hearing food bowl - 16What are the basic concepts of Classical conditioning?US UR : Unconditioned stimulus elicits an unconditioned response
NS + US UR : A neutral stimulus is paired with the US to elicit the UR
CS CR : The NS now elicits the response without the US, now a
conditioned stimulus eliciting a conditioned response - 17What are the types of classical conditioning?Forward (delayed and trace)
Simultaneous
Backward
Second order - 18What types of classical conditioning are effective?Forward conditioning is effective (both types), but the delay can’t be
more than a few seconds
Simultaneous conditioning and backward conditioning do not work - 19What is second order conditioning?“A type of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is paired with
a neutral stimulus” (Baird, 2011, p.106). - 20what is food aversion?We are “prepared” to learn associations between food stimuli (smell/taste) and
nausea - 21Are there things that are easier to condition in classical conditioning?“Dangerous” visual stimuli often easier to condition
- 22What does stimulus generalisation mean?“A tendency for the CR to be elicited by neutral stimuli that are like, but not identical
to the CS” (p. 178)
Is the opposite of stimulus discrimination - 23What is stimulus discrimination?“Tendency for the CR to be elicited only by stimuli that are very similar or identical to
the CS” (me – ignore textbook definition)
Often achieved through training or exposure to situations where variations of neutral
stimuli are never paired with the US - 24What is extinction? “The process by which a CR comes to be eliminated through repeated
presentations of the CS without the presence of the US” (p. 177). - 25“When the CS again elicits the CR after extinction has occurred” is referred to as what?Spontaneous recovery
- 26What role do thoughts play in regards to Behaviourism?“Although strict behaviourists would not agree that
thoughts play a role in classical conditioning, research suggests
otherwise.”
Strict behaviourists do not study “thoughts”, they study behaviour, so they
would ask you to define “thoughts” first.
This can be studied and understood in terms of environment and
behaviour, no need to talk about what the rat is “thinking.” - 27What other responses can be conditioned in classical conditioning?Fear and other emotional responses
Drug tolerance
Immune system responses
Taste, hunger, and nausea
Sexual arousal - 28What is an overview of conditioned fear? Is highly resistant to extinction
Think PTSD
Little Albert
Often used in the media.. - 29What is drug tolerance? “Drug tolerance is a lessening of physiological and behavioural effects
caused by a drug through the repeated use of that drug” - 30What are three important points to remember with drug conditioning? Using drugs (US) causes a compensatory response in the organism (UR) in
the opposite direction of the US (toward equilibrium)
US is paired with other cues (e.g. needles, pub; NS)
Cues (now CS) cause the compensatory response (now CR) before drug
ingestion – drug tolerance - could explain overdosing. - 31When an experienced drug user takes a drug in a new environment, there is less of a compensatory response and the risk of overdose is increased. Who investigated this?Shepard Siegel et al. (1982) investigated this with heroin in rats
- 32What is an overview of Seigel et al. experiment involving cocaine and rats?...
- 33The study of how psychology relates to events involving the nervous system and immune system is regarded as...Psychoneuroimmunology
- 34Who studied cancer patients before chemotherapy?Bovbjerg et al. (1990)
- 35What did Bobjerg find? Chemotherapy (US) weakens immune response (UR)
Found weakened immune system (now CR) only upon arrival at hospital - 36Outline taste, hunger and nausea conditioning Taste aversion conditioning is fast – usually only one pairing
E.g. alcohol, food poisoning
Hunger is also conditioned
Not necessarily ‘time since eating’ - 37What is very often used in advertising?Conditioning with sexual arousal
- 38What is learning?A relatively permanent change in behaviour that results from
experience - 39Give an overview of Naturalistic observation Naturalistic obseration doesn’t tell us the causes of behaviour
We can learn about correlation, but cannot make causal statements
based on our findings
Observational data is a good starting point, then we need to experiment - 40What is experimental observation? Experimental observation manipulates
variables (I.V.) and observes outcomes
(D.V.) - 41What is the purpose of experimental observation?The scientific method is a process of refining hypotheses
Try to discover the most useful hypothesis
i.e. that which predicts the most (which in
turn gives us the most influence) - 42Why do we study learning? We study learning to understand how to predict and influence behaviour
- 43Thorndike studied what?Studied problem solving in cats by placing them in puzzle boxes in 1898
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- undergraduate PSYC103 Flashcards on Learning, created by Laura K on 12/04/2016.
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