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- 1What is epistemology?the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope, and the distinction between justified belief and opinions
- 2What is qualitative research?about words, uses images, sounds and observations of peoples behaviors as well as words. Qualitative is more open-ended
- 3What is quantitative research?about numbers, behind the numbers is usually a qualitative judgement. Quantitative is very structured.
- 4How can we compare research to a sieve?Quantitative research employs a fine-grained sieve. Qualitative research employs a large-grained sieve
- 5What is case-centric research?Begins with a case and discovers the best characteristics to describe the case. Combines a single case with a large number of variables and values.
- 6What is variable-centric research?Begins with some ideas about variables and finds sufficient cases to test the hypothesis. Examines a small number of variables and values over a large number of cases.
- 7What is reflexivity?"...the process of a continual internal dialogue and critical self-evaluation of researcher's positionality as well as active acknowledgement and explicit recognition that this position many affect the research process and outcome."
- 8What are the origins of photovoice?Development project in rural China. Focus on women's reproductive health. Methods: survey, focus groups and photo novella.
- 9What is the Wang et al photovoice method?1. Photo voice training
2. devising an initial theme for taking pictures
3. Taking pictures
4. Selecting photographs for discussion.
5. Contextualizing and storytelling
6. Codifying issues, themes, theories - 10How can we vary interviews?By participant: individual or focus groups.
By formality or structure: structures, semi-structured, unstructured - 11When should structured interviews be used?obtaining statistical data. The sample is large. There is good Pre-existing knowledge about topic and likely responses. The aim is to study variables across cases.
- 12When should interviews not be structured?There is limited knowledge about topic. The sample is small. The aim is to understand participants' experience
- 13When should semi-structured interviews be used?To understand the participant's experience. The participant to be able to tell his/her story. BUT you also want to canvas the same issues with all participants
- 14What is an unstructured interview?A purposeful conversation. Focus on understanding participants experience. Interviewer keeps focus of inquiry in mind while listening and formulating questions "on the run"
- 15When should we use unstructured interviews?To find out what is important to the participant. The participant to tell her'his story. To understand the experience from the "inside"
- 16When should we avoid unstructured interviews?To cover the same issues with everyone. To make comparisons between groups of participants. To measure effects of a program. To count stuff.
- 17How to conduct semi/unstructured interviewing:Good qualitative interviews are quality conversations. Do your homework. Be a generous listener.
- 18What is interview schedulituss?A condition common among inexperienced qualitative interviewers who are over-reliant on - and preoccupied with - their interview schedule. Symptoms include: stilted conversation, failure to listen, and loss of rapport and engagement
- 19Knowledgeableis thoroughly familiar with the focus of the interview
- 20Structuringgives purpose for interview; rounds it off; asks whether interviewee has
questions. - 21Clearasks simple, easy, short questions; no jargon.
- 22Gentlelets people finish; gives them time to think; tolerates pauses.
- 23Steeringknows what he/she wants to find out.
- 24Openresponds to what is important to interviewee and is flexible
- 25Sensitivelistens attentively to what is said and how it is said; is empathetic in
dealing with the interviewee - 26Criticalis prepared to challenge what is said, for example, dealing with
inconsistencies in interviewees’ replies. - 27Rememberingrelates what is said to what has previously been said.
- 28Interpretingclarifies and extends meanings of interviewees’ statements, but without
imposing meaning on them - 29Balanceddoes not talk too much, which may make the interviewee passive, and does
not talk too little, which may result in the interviewee feeling he or she is not talking
along the right lines. - 30Ethically sensitiveis sensitive to the ethical dimension of interviewing, ensuring the
interviewee appreciates what the research is about, its purposes, and that his orher
answers will be treated confidentially. - 31Naturalistic inquiryStudying real-world
situations as they unfold naturally; nonmanipulative
and noncontrolling; openness to whatever
emerges (lack of predetermined constraints on
findings) - 32Emergent design flexibilityOpenness to
adapting inquiry as understanding deepens
and/or situations to change; the researcher
avoids getting locked into rigid designs that
eliminate responsiveness and pursues new paths
of discovery as they emerge. - 33Purposeful samplingCases for study are selected because
they are “information rich” and illuminative, that
is, they offer useful manifestations of the
phenomenon of interest; sampling, then, is aimed
at insight about the phenomenon, not empirical
generalization from a sample to a population. - 34Qualitative dataObservations that yield
detailed, thick description; inquiry in depth;
interviews that capture direct quotations about
people’s personal perspectives and experiences;
case studies; careful document review. - 35Personal experience and engagementThe
researcher has direct contact with and gets close
to the people, situation, and phenomenon under
study; the researcher’s personal experiences and
insights are an important part of the inquiry and
critical to understanding the phenomenon. - 36Empathic neutrality and mindfulnessAn
empathic stance in interviewing seeks vicarious
understanding without judgment (neutrality) by
showing openness, sensitivity, respect, awareness,
and responsiveness; in observation it
means being fully present (mindfulness). - 37Dynamic systemsAttention to process;
assumes change as ongoing whether focus is on
an individual, an organization, a community, or
an entire culture; therefore, mindful of and
attentive to system and situation dynamics. - 38Unique case orientationAssumes that each
case is special and unique; the first level of
analysis is being true to, respecting, and
capturing the details of the individual cases being
studied; cross-case analysis follows from and
depends on the quality of individual case studies - 39Inductive analysis and creative synthesisImmersion in the details and specifics of the data
to discover important patterns, themes, and
interrelationships; begins by exploring, then
confirming, guided by analytical principles
rather than rules, ends with a creative synthesis. - 40Holistic perspectiveThe whole phenomenon
under study is understood as a complex system
that is more than the sum of its parts; focus on
complex interdependencies and system
dynamics that cannot meaningfully be reduced
to a few discrete variables and linear, causeeffect
relationships. - 41Context sensitivityPlaces findings in a
social, historical, and temporal context; careful
about, even dubious of, the possibility or
meaningfulness of generalizations across time
and space; emphasizes instead careful comparative
case analyses and extrapolating patterns
for possible transferability and adaptation in
new settings. - 42Voice, perspective, and reflexivityThe
qualitative analyst owns and is reflective about
her or his own voice and perspective; a credible
voice conveys authenticity and trustworthiness;
complete objectivity being impossible and pure
subjectivity undermining credibility, the
researcher’s focus becomes balance—
understanding and depicting the world
authentically in all its complexity while being
self-analytical, politically aware, and reflexive in
consciousness. - 43What Steps foster reflexivity and reflexive research designDesigning research that includes multiple investigators. Develop a reflexive journal. Report research perspectives, positions, values and beliefs in manuscripts and other publications.
- 44What is discourse?A set of statements which construct an object
- 45what is the objective of Critical Discouurse Analysis (CDA)?to perceive language use as social practice
- 46What is the context of the users of language?the users of language do not function in isolation, but in a set of cultural, social and psychological frameworks.
- 47Who is Michel Foucault? What is his view on discourses?He states that power relationships are maintained through dominant discourses. Discourses constrain what can be said, by whom, where and when.
- 48How do the tenets of discursive psychology differ from traditional social psychology?Language constructs reality as opposed to language as a tool to describe external reality. Language is significant due to social processes as opposed to a window into people's mind.
- 49Define discourse analysis:Discourse analysis aligns itself with the quote "Psychological phenomena have a public and collective reality and we are mistaken if we think they have their origin in the private space of the individual."
- 50What is important in doing discursive psychology?There is no set procedure to approach. It focuses on a naturally occurring text. It usually uses coding for information processing and identifies patterns. From this, the researcher determines what is important or whether there are any alternative constructions.
- 51How does strategic ambivalence affect discursive psychology?The ambiguous use of we can confuse the point of a conversation.
- 52What is an OED?a proposition that commends itself to general acceptance; a well-established or universally-conceded principle.
- 53How can axioms affect conversation?In the context of danger, axioms terminate discussion
- 54When in dangerous situations, what role do metaphors have?Metaphors can be used to establish dominance, or avoid responsibility: people snap, emotions build up pressure, natural entitlement,
- 55What does it mean to say that language is a form of social action?It makes 'redlines', can create power relationships. It is studied by discursive psychology to see the links between oppression and language
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- PSYC208 Flashcards on Exam, created by Laura K on 18/09/2017.
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