Flashcards
Chapter 8 Flashcards
Cards in this deck (30)
- 1EmpiricalBased on experience and observation.
- 2Drive reductionA concept formulated by Hull that suggests that
learning occurs only if an organism’s response is followed by the
reduction of some need or drive. - 3Classical conditioningA form of learning in which a response
becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus. - 4ConflictIn Freud’s theory, the basic incompatibility that exists
among the id, ego, superego, and the external world. In Dollard
and Miller’s theory, frustration that arises from a situation in
which incompatible responses occur at the same time - 5continuous reinforcementA schedule of reinforcement in which
the desired behavior is reinforced each time that it occurs. - 6CueIn Dollard and Miller’s theory, a specific stimulus that tells the
organism when, where, and how to respond. - 7DriveIn Dollard and
Miller’s theory, a strong stimulation that produces discomfort - 8FrustrationIn Dollard and Miller’s theory, an emotion that occurs
when one is unable to reduce a drive because the response that
would satisfy it has been blocked. - 9Generalized conditioned reinforcersIn Skinner’s theory, learned
reinforcers that have the power to reinforce a great number of
different behaviors. - 10HabitsIn Dollard and Miller’s theory, the basic structure of personality:
a learned association between a stimulus and a response
that makes them occur together frequently - 11Infrahuman SpeciesSpecies lower than human organisms
- 12Interval reinforcementA schedule of reinforcement in which the
organism is reinforced after a certain time period has elapsed,
regardless of the response rate. - 13Law of effectA law formulated by Thorndike that states that a
behavior or a performance accompanied by satisfaction tends to
increase and a behavior or performance accompanied by
frustration tends to decrease. - 14Overt behaviorBehavior that can be observed by an external
observer. - 15Operant conditioningIn Skinner’s theory, the process by which an
operant response becomes associated with a reinforcement
through learning. - 16Primary reinforcerA reinforcer that is inherently rewarding as it
satisfies a primary drive. - 17Ratio reinforcementA schedule of reinforcement in which the
organism is reinforced after a number of appropriate
responses. - 18ReinforcementThe process of increasing or decreasing the
likelihood of a particular response. - 19ReinforcerAny event that increases or decreases the likelihood of
a particular response.
relatedness In Fromm’s th - 20ResponseA behavior that results from a stimulus. In Dollard and
Miller’s theory, one’s reaction to a cue or stimulus - 21Secondary drivesA reinforcer that is originally neutral but that
acquires reward value on the basis of association with a primary
reinforcer. - 22ShapingIn Skinner’s theory, a process by which an organism’s
behavior is gradually molded until it approximates the desired
behavior. - 23Schedules of reinforcementA program for increasing or decreasing
the likelihood of a particular response. - 24Negative reinforcementUnpleasant or aversive stimuli that can be
changed or avoided by certain behavior - 25Positive reinforcementAnything that serves to increase the
frequency of a response - 26Secondary drivesA drive that is learned or acquired on the basis of
a primary drive - 27ShapingIn Skinner’s theory, a process by which an organism’s
behavior is gradually molded until it approximates the desired
behavior. - 28PunishmentAn undesirable consequence that follows a behavior
and is designed to stop or change it. - 29Behavior modificationA form of therapy that applies the principles
of learning to achieve changes in behavior. - 30species-specific behaviorcomplex, rather than reflex, behaviors that occur in all members of a
species.
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- Flashcards on Chapter 8 Flashcards, created by Marissa R. on 04/10/2017.
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- Marissa R. · Oct 2017
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- Oct 4, 2017
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