Flashcards
Memory: Long term and Everyday Memory
Cards in this deck (38)
- 1Implicit Memorymemory occurs unconciously
- 2Primingchange in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus
- 3Classical conditioningPavlov - dogs
form of priming - 4Proceduralperforming everyday tasks without having to think about it e.g. driving
conscious focus not needed - 5Explicit Memorymemory that involves conscious thought
- 6Craik and Tulving (1975)levels of processing
case - capital letters
rhyme
sentence
in a sentence remember a lot better
thinking about words at a deeper level then you remember them better - 7Self Reference Effectbetter memory when in reference to ourselves
traits - does it describe you?
does it describe your mother/the queen etc?
shallow - is it in capitals? - 8Maintenance vs elaborative rehearsalMaintenance - simple repetition
elaborative - giving it meaning, making connections - 9Implicit self reference effectdate of own birthday acts as an anchor for birthdays of friends/family.
because the self-organises memories in reference to self - 10Neisser (1978)Thundering silence - why are certain periods of our lives remembered better?
remember from subjects at school?
why so little from first years of our lives? - 11Banaji & Crowder (1989)bankruptcy of everyday memory
- 12Flashbulb MemoryRemembered well - vivid
where you were, how you heard, initial reaction - 13Pezdek (2003)9/11 - college students - event memory more accurate in new york sample. autobiographical least accurate
arousal and rehearsal - distorts - 14SchemaHow we expect things to be, affect accuracy
operate top down
help interpret bottom up info, - 15French and Richards (1993)look at clock
reproduce- IV instead of IIII
copy - all drew IIII
put in own schema - 16Nickerson & Adams (1979)describe 1 cent
3/8 features located correctly
don't retain unless some functional reason - 17Jones (1990)1p even greater inaccuracy
queen wrong direction
because schema for stamp points another way
stamp - have to pay more attention to. - 18Bartlett (1932)War of the ghosts - short story
the conflict between prior knowledge and info. presents - conflicts schemas.
omissions of detail - leave out when doesn't make sense rationalisations - putting stuff in to make it make sense
transformations of order- importance received earlier alterations in importance - aspects made more important. - 19Devlin Committee (1973)cases involving ID parade
82% convicted with only ewt - 20Loftus (1974)EWT - fictitious case - guilty/ innocent
evidence - 9/50
evidence +EWT - 36/50
evidence+EWT+EWT discredited - 34/50
expect 9/50 +EWT unable to stop influencing decision - 21Loftus (1978)is EWT influenced by peoples tendency to reconstruct their memories of events to fit their schema?
can wording change memory
can they be misled to remember stuff that didn't happens - 22Loftus and Palmer (1974)car speed and descriptive word
smash, hit, bump
and broken glass - 23Loftus and Zanni (1975)did you see the broken
did you see A broken headlight - 24Loftus (1993)can memories be modified or created by suggestion?
false memory syndrome - 25Planting memoriesgain clients trust
make a suggestion
can you remember? - they add own details - 26Autobiographical memoryThe memory of life events is both episodic -events inlife and semantic - facts about self
uniquely human - 27AM is reconstructivenot perfect records of experience
- 28Addis, Wong and Schacter 2007remebering and imagining involve the same brain regions
- 29Bartlett (1932)the way people remembered pictures and stories over time - showed how schema influence the way memories are revised and reconstructed
- 30Conway (2005)two ways of remembering an AM
involuntary - by smell, song
voluntary - deliberate - 31AM Organisationhierarchy - Conway 2005
lifetime periods, general events, event-specific knowledge - 32Haque and Conway (2001)probed the contents of peoples memories at delays of 2 seconds, 5 seconds and 30 seconds coded into specific, AM knowledge, nothing in mind as time goes by specific memory is the focus.
- 33Bluck (2003)self Conway 2005 - support our sense of self-life narrative
social - fivish and Nelson 2006 - share with others, closer social bonds.
directive - pillar, 2003 - avoid negative, do positive. - 34AM supports the sense of selfConway (2005) memories are the basis for the self Alzheimer's disease - loss of memory linked to deficits in self-knowledge Ross and Wilson 2003 - positive events happen closer to present /self, negative events dated longer ago. perceive distance is distorted
- 35The self-memory systemautobiographical knowledge base - working self
SMS, Conway and Pleydell-Pearce 200; Conway 2006
the cognitive model of AM demonstrates the importance of self - 36Am across the lifespanwe don't remember things equally well from all periods of life
typical lifespan retrieval task
-over 40 years old
date all memories
the plot on graph across the lifespan - 37The Reminiscence Bump - Rubin et al (1986, 1998)most events dated from between ages 15 to 30
cross-cultural finding
robust across a range of different task e.g. films, songs and books
feelings of nostalgia for things in our own era - Sehulster, 1996 - 38Why do we have a reminiscence bump?rubin et al 1998 - novelty, biological, self, cultural
cultural life scripts might organise the way we think about our own and other peoples lives - Berntsen and Rubin, 2004
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- U24127: Cognitive Psychology Flashcards on Memory: Long term and Everyday Memory, created by Jasmine Stow on 11/10/2018.
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- Jasmine Stow
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